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Search:
Artificial insemination
Definition of Artificial insemination
From the
elephant glossary
Section: reproduction
Photo © Daryl Hoffman, Houston Zoo
Random Literature
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One of the first experiments with artificial insemination was undertaken with the
african elephant cow Idunda in Basel Zoo in switzerland
. They were unsuccesful.
Dr. Dennis Schmitt, associate professor of veterinary medicine at Southwest Missouri State University, made history by being the first researcher to produce an elephant from artificial insemination. (
The Asian elephant Haji in Dickerson Park Zoo, Springfield, U.S.A.
).
AI has throughout the last years proven to be succesful with elephants, due to the efforts of Dr. Dennis Schmitt and the
Research
(IZW)'>IZW (Institute for Zoo Biology and Wildlife
Research
in Berlin) crew: Dr. T. Hildebrandt, Dr. F. Göritz, Dr. R. Hermes and Dr. G. Fritsch. But this metod is very expensive, and has its drawbacks, why most facilities in the future will concentrate their efforts to establish a self supporting captive elephant population.
In 1998, two of the
Indianapolis Zoo’s female
African elephants,
Kubwa and
Ivory
, became pregnant through artificial insemination (AI). They were the world’s first
African elephants to become pregnant through AI!
In 2001 the female african Sabi gave birth to the male african calf Abu in Vienna Zoo, Austria. The semen was collected from the bull Tembo in Colchester Zoo, England, this was the first time in europe that artificial insemination in elephants resulted in
Pregnancy
.
In the future, probably only Zoo bred elephants will be exhibited in Zoos, since it is difficult to import wild elephants from africa and Asia. India, for example, prohibited trading of wild elephants 1977, but captive elephants born under domestication are traded. An import of 7 african elephants from Botsawana/South africa 1999 to europe resulted in extreme negative critic from welfare organisations, why african elephant imports
will probably also be rare, although some african populations has grown to such numbers that thousand of elephants has to be culled.
Therefore, each fertile individual is expremely important, and in some situations, an artificial insemanination is the only way to breed the animal, who othervise may become to old before a natural breeding may takes place. In other cases, some Zoos may avoid to keep bulls, but still want to breed their female elephants.
58 Elephants born through artificial insemination
Index
Sex Species Name Id
Origin
Arrival Location
1
♂ EM
-Jet-
SSP id: XXX
Born captive-born 2024-11-23
Jake
x
Jade
Alive
2024-11-23
St Louis Zoo
2
♂ LA
-Malik-
EEP id: 202405
Born captive-born 2024-03-14
x
Maya
Alive
2024-03-14
Bioparc Valencia
3
♀ LA
-Kirkja-
SSP id: 0000?
Born captive-born 2024-02-17
x
Renee
Alive
2024-02-17
Toledo Zoo
4
♂ LA
-Jabari-
SSP id: 0000?
Born captive-born 2023-09-04
x
Zahara
Alive
2023-09-04
Indianapolis Zoo
5
♀ LA
-Makena-
EEP id: 202203?
Born captive-born 2022-11-09
x
Matla
Alive
2022-11-09
Bioparc Valencia
6
♂ EM
-Frankie-
Local birth nr: 5
SSP id: 00
Born captive-born 2021-06-17
Hank
x
Phoebe
Alive
2021-06-17
Columbus Zoo and Aquarium
7
♂ LA
-Zyqarri-
EEP id: 202104?
Born captive-born 2021-06-05
x
Kali
Alive
2021-06-05
Zlin Lesna-Got Zoo
8
♀ EM
-Winnie-
SSP id: 00
Born captive-born 2021-03-10
Bodhi
x
Tupelo
Alive
2021-03-10
Houston Zoo
9
♀ LA
-Kimana-
Local birth nr: 13
EEP id: 202005
Born captive-born 2020-04-20
Abu
x
Tika
Alive
2020-04-20
Wuppertal Zoo
10
† ♂ LA
-Fitz-
SSP id: 00
Born captive-born 2019-09-02
Jack (Jackson)
x
Mikki
Dead 2023-05-30
2019-09-02
Louisville Zoo
11
† ♀ LA
-Kibali-
EEP id: 201902
Born captive-born 2019-07-13
x
Numbi
Dead 2021-07-09
2019-07-13
Vienna Zoo
12
† ♀ EM
-Unnamed-
EEP id: 201901
Born captive-born < 1 2019-01-12
Raja
x
Geetha
Dead 2019-01-16
2019-01-12
Whipsnade Wild Animal Park
13
† ♀ LA
-stillborn-
EEP id: 201803? (unconfirmed)
Born captive-born < 1 2018-07-01
x
Zola
Dead 2018-07-01
2018-07-01
Zlin Lesna-Got Zoo
14
† ♂ EM
-Thorn-
SSP id: 00
Born captive-born 2018-05-04
Samson
x
Rozie (Rozana)
Dead 2021-12-25
2018-05-04
Albuquerque Biological Park
15
† ♀ LA
-Binti-
Local birth nr: 1
EEP id: 201801
Born captive-born < 1 2018-01-20
x
Duna
Dead 2018-01-22
2018-01-20
Rhenen Zoo
16
† ♀ LA
-stillborn-
EEP id: 201602
Born captive-born < 1 2016-04-19
Niko
x
Goni (Beule)
Dead 2016-04-19
2016-03-00
Amneville Zoo (Coulange Zoo)
17
♂ LA
-Sutton-
EEP id: 201400
Born captive-born 2014-05-05
Steve (wild)
x
Five
Alive
2023-05-10
Noahs Ark Zoo Farm
18
♀ LA
-Iqhwa-
EEP id: 201304?
Born captive-born 2013-09-04
Steve (wild)
x
Tonga
Alive
2013-09-04
Vienna Zoo
19
♂ EM
-Bowie-
SSP id: 758
Born captive-born 2013-08-05
Samson
x
Bluebonnet
Alive
2022-11-21
Oklahoma City Zoo
20
♂ EM
-Namsai-
EEP id: 201308
Born captive-born 2013-07-27
Raja
x
Bua
Alive
2021-05-11
Heidelberg Zoo
21
♂ LA
-Rungwe-
EEP id: 20089
Born captive-born 2012-07-20
Limbo
x
NDala
Alive
2021-10-07
Gyor Zoo
22
† ⚪ LA
-noname-
Born captive-born < 1 2012-07-06?
x
MBili (Mbli)
Dead 2012-07-06?
2012-07-06
Beauval Zoo
23
† ♀ LA
-Nyah-
Born captive-born 2012-06-28
Jack (Jackson)
x
Ivory
Dead 2019-03-19
2012-06-28
Indianapolis Zoo
24
† ♀ EM
-stillborn-
EEP id: 201202
Born captive-born < 1 2012-03-25
Raja
x
Tara
Dead 2012-03-25
2012-03-25
Twycross Zoo
25
♂ LA
-Jabali-
SSP id: 00
Born captive-born 2011-08-25
Ali
x
Vasha
Alive
2011-08-24
Disneys Animal Kingdom
26
† ♀ LA
-Kalina-
SSP id: 00
Born captive-born 2011-07-20
Jack (Jackson)
x
Kubwa
Dead 2019-03-26
2011-07-20
Indianapolis Zoo
27
† ♀ EM
-miscarriage-
EEP id: 201100
Born captive-born < 1 2011
Raja
x
Chandrika
Dead 2011
2011-00-00
Woburn Safari Park
28
♂ EM
-Pathi Harn-
Local birth nr: 2
ASMP id: 71
Born captive-born 2010-03-10
Bong Su
x
Porntip
Alive
2015-04-24
Taronga Dubbo Western Plains Zoo
29
† ⚪ LA
-stillborn-
Born captive-born < 1 2010-02-24
Jack
x
Opal
Dead 2010-02-24
2010-02-24
Colchester Zoo
30
♀ EM
-Mali-
Local id: B00002 ASMP id: 70
Born captive-born 2010-01-16
Bong Su
x
Dokkoon
Alive
2010-01-15
Melbourne Zoo
31
♂ EM
-Jake-
SSP id: 687
Born captive-born 2009-11-02
Rex (Bimbo, Barney)
x
Natasha
Alive
2018-10-08
Denver Zoo
32
♀ LA
-Zuri-
SSP id: 567
Born captive-born 2009-08-10
Jack (Jackson)
x
Christi
Alive
2023-10-19
Kansas City Zoo
33
† ♀ LA
-Lil Girl-
SSP id: 568
Born captive-born < 1 2009-07-06
Jack (Jackson)
x
Asali
Dead 2009-07-07
2009-07-06
Memphis Zoo
34
† ⚪ LA
-fetal death-
SSP id: NA
Born captive-born < 1 2008-10-28
Jack (Jackson)
x
Dottie
Dead 2008-10-28
2008-10-27
Atlanta Zoo
35
† ♀ EM
-miscarriage-
SSP id: 731
Born captive-born < 1 2008-08-14
Sneezy
x
Chai
Dead 2008-08-14
2008-08-14
Seattle Zoo (Woodland Park Zoo)
36
♂ LA
-Tsavo-
SSP id: 562
Born captive-born 2008-06-28
Jack (Jackson)
x
Moyo
Alive
2024-10-25
Tucson Reid Park Zoo
37
† ♂ LA
-Scotty-
SSP id: 551
Born captive-born 2007-03-18
Jack (Jackson)
x
Mikki
Dead 2010-05-12
2007-03-18
Louisville Zoo
38
♀ LA
-Zahara-
SSP id: 548
Born captive-born 2006-08-31
Ali
x
Ivory
Alive
2006-08-31
Indianapolis Zoo
39
† ♂ LA
-stillborn-
SSP id: 547
Born captive-born < 1 2006-02-10
x
Genny C (Timba)
Dead 2006-02-10
2006-02-25
Seneca Park Zoo
40
† ♂ LA
-Thabo-Umasai-
EEP id: 20041
Born captive-born 2006-02-04
Tembo
x
Drumbo
Dead 2017-07-03
2011-08-11
Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium
41
♂ EM
-Gabi (Boon-Chooi)-
EEP id: 200515
Born captive-born 2005-12-11
Emmett (Tundi)
x
Kwunjai (Tamar)
Alive
2010-10-06
Gaziantep Zoo
42
♂ LA
-Kedar-
SSP id: 545
Born captive-born 2005-10-18
Bulwagi
x
Kubwa
Alive
2005-10-18
Indianapolis Zoo
43
♂ LA
-Tamani-
SSP id: 544
Born captive-born 2005-10-17
Bulwagi
x
Ellie
Alive
2015-10-05
Kansas City Zoo
44
† ♂ LA
-Noname-
SSP id: 543
Born captive-born < 1 2005-05-13
Bulwagi
x
Ibala
Dead 2005-05-13
2005-05-13
Disneys Animal Kingdom
45
† ♂ EM
-stillborn-
EEP id: 200405
Born captive-born < 1 2004-07-01
Emmett (Tundi)
x
Delhi
Dead 2004-07-01
2004-07-01
Usti nad Labem Zoo
46
† ♂ LA
-stillborn-
SSP id: 524
Born captive-born < 1 2003-11-24
Bulwagi
x
Robin
Dead 2003-04-07
2003-11-24
Disneys Animal Kingdom
47
† ♂ LA
-Tufani-
SSP id: 538
Born captive-born 2003-05-22
Maclean (Mac)
x
Moyo
Dead 2014-01-00
2013-05-15
National Elephant Center U.S.A.
48
† ♀ EM
-Xixi-
Born captive-born 2003-04-30
Akun
x
Jing Sheng
Dead 2005-12-26
2003-04-30
Xian Qinling Zoological Park
49
♂ LA
-Louie-
SSP id: 526
Born captive-born 2003-04-30
Bulwagi
x
Renee
Alive
2021-06-03
North Carolina Zoo
50
† ♀ LA
-stillborn-
SSP id: 523
Born captive-born < 1 2003-03-21
Bulwagi
x
Misha
Dead 2003-03-21
2003-03-21
Six Flags Discovery Kingdom (Six Flags Marine World)
51
† ♂ LA
-Kito-
EEP id: 20013
Born captive-born 2002-12-06
Tembo
x
Tanya
Dead 2017-03-13
2009-06-03
Dvur Kralove Zoo
52
† ♀ LA
-stillborn-
SSP id: 522
Born captive-born < 1 2002-09-28
Solomon
x
Tika
Dead 2002-09-28
2002-09-28
Six Flags Discovery Kingdom (Six Flags Marine World)
53
† ♂ LA
-stillborn-
SSP id: 521
Born captive-born < 1 2002-07-27
Bulwagi
x
Rafiki
Dead 2002-07-27
2002-07-27
Toledo Zoo
54
♂ EM
-Kandula-
SSP id: 538
Born captive-born 2001-11-25
Calvin (Chanda)
x
Shanthi
Alive
2015-10-00
Oklahoma City Zoo
55
♂ LA
-Abu-
EEP id: 20004
Born captive-born 2001-04-25
Tembo
x
Sabi
Alive
2023-05-25
Vienna Zoo
56
† ♀ LA
-Amali-
SSP id: 514
Born captive-born 2000-03-06
Dale
x
Kubwa
Dead 2003-06-03
2000-03-06
Indianapolis Zoo
57
† ⚪ LA
-miscarriage-
Born captive-born
x
Gina
Dead 2012-03-17
Memphis Zoo
58
⚪ EM
-unknown-
Born captive-born
x
Pang Sao
Alive
2009-00-00
Maesa Elephant Camp
23 elephants mentioned in the database with association to AI
Index
Sex Species Name Id
Origin
Arrival Location
1
♀ EM
-Kanlaya-
ASMP id: 80? (unconfirmed)
Born captive-born 2018-06-14
Putra Mas
x
Porntip
Alive
2018-06-14
Taronga Dubbo Western Plains Zoo
2
♂ EM
-Ongard-
Local id: B00566 ASMP id: 72 SSP id: 00
Born captive-born 2010-09-10
Bong Su
x
Kulab
Alive
2018-05-09
Zoo Miami (Miami Metro Zoo)
3
♂ EM
-Barack (Rocky)-
SSP id: 656
Born captive-born 2009-01-19
Doc
x
Bonnie
Alive
2012-00-00
Ringling Brothers Barnum and Bailey Center for Elephant Conservation
4
♂ EM
-AI-
Born captive-born 2007-03-07
Ngam
x
Kod
Alive
2007-03-07
Thai Elephant Conservation Center (TECC)
5
♂ EM
-Albert-
SSP id: 516
Born captive-born 1998-11-29
Calvin (Chanda)
x
Lilly (Israela)
Alive
2003-11-19
Albuquerque Biological Park
6
♂ EM
-Samson-
SSP id: 514
Born captive-born 1998-05-04
Calvin (Chanda)
x
Kitty (Mookee)
Alive
2018-04-10
Portland Zoo (Metro Washington Park Zoo)
7
♀ EM
-Noor Jahan-
EEP id: 9508
Born captive-born 1995-11-24
x
Alive
2018-08-30
Blackpool Zoo
8
♀ EM
-Bonnie-
SSP id: 380
Born captive-born 1994-10-29
Vance (Matt)
x
Sid (Sue)
Alive
2021-04-00
White Oak Conservation
9
♀ EM
-Dokkoon-
Local id: A60410 ASMP id: 58 CHIP:11-6736-646A
Born captive-born 1993
x
Alive
2006-11-06
Melbourne Zoo
10
♂ LA
-Tooth-
EEP id: 9208
Born wild 1992
x
Alive
2024-06-07
Bioparc Valencia
11
♀ LA
-Matjeka-
SSP id: 537
Born wild 1991
x
Alive
2003-08-21
Lowry Park Zoo
12
♂ LA
-Msholo-
SSP id: 535
Born wild 1989
x
Alive
2019-07-24
Atlanta Zoo
13
♀ LA
-Mbali-
SSP id: 536
Born wild 1989
x
Alive
2003-08-21
Lowry Park Zoo
14
♀ LA
-Donna-
SSP id: 469
Born wild 1984
x
Alive
2003-11-24
Disneys Animal Kingdom
15
♀ LA
-Ellie-
SSP id: 236
Born wild 1982
x
Alive
2003-04-18
Lowry Park Zoo
16
† ♀ LA
-Kiba (Chupa)-
SSP id: 483
Born wild 1982
x
Dead 2009-12-17
1995-04-15
Nashville Zoo
17
♀ LA
-Opal-
EEP id: 8312
Born wild 1982
x
Alive
1998-02-28
Colchester Zoo
18
♀ LA
-Genny C (Timba)-
SSP id: 153
Born wild 1977
x
Alive
1979-05-29
Seneca Park Zoo
19
† ♀ EM
-Shanthi-
SSP id: 165
Born wild 1976
x
Dead 2020-06-26
1992-11-12
Smithsonian National Zoological Park
20
♀ LA
-Kubwa-
SSP id: 143
Born wild 1976
x
Alive
1978-03-06
Indianapolis Zoo
21
† ♂ EM
-Bong Su-
Local id: 770004 ASMP id: 48
Born wild 1974-08-03
x
Dead 2017-10-09
1977-02-01
Melbourne Zoo
22
† ♂ EM
-Shenka-
Born wild 1959
x
Dead 2007-12-23
1993-09-14
Circus Alberti
23
† ♀ LA
-Idunda-
Born wild 1951
x
Dead 1988-01-16
1956-00-00
Basel Zoo
Reference list
Koehl, Dan, (2024).
Artificial insemination
. Elephant Encyclopedia, available online retrieved 20 September 2021 at
https://www.elephant.se/index.php?id=226
. (
archived
at the
Wayback machine
)
Sources used for this article is among others:
Selected publications
Brown, J.L., and Schmitt, D.L. The unusual anatomy and reproductive physiology of the elephant, and challenges with developing artificial insemination. Science India 7:9 & 10 pp 27-32 (2004).
Brown, J. L., Goritz, F, Pratt-Hawkes, N., Hermes, R., Galloway, M., Graham, L. H., Gray, C., Walker, S. L., Gomez, A., Moreland, R., Murray, S., Schmitt, D. L., Howard, J., Lehnhardt, J., Beck, B., Bellem, A., Montali, R., and Hildebrandt, T. B. Successful artificial insemination of an Asian elephant at the National Zoological Park. Zoo Biology 23[1], 45-63. 2004.
Dahl, N.J., Olson, D., Schmitt, D.L., Blasko, D.R., Kristipati, R.S., and Roser, J.F. Development of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) in the Elephant (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus) Zoo Biology 23:65-78 (2004)
In addition to his many journal publications Dr. Schmitt has also authored several book chapters, including the following:
Schmitt D. Reproductive System. In: Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of Elephants. Blackwell Publishing. In Press.
Schmitt D.L. Under the Big Top. Why elephants belong in circuses. In: Ethics of Elephants in Captivity. C. Cristen ed. John Hopkins University Publishing. In Press.
Schmitt, D. Ultrasonography of Elephants In: Health Care, Breeding and Management of Asian Elephants. Editor. Dharmeswar Das. Published by College of Veterinary Medicine, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, India (2003)
Schmitt, D., Probisdidea (Elephants) In: Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 5th edition. Fowler and Miller. Saunders publishing, St. Louis, Missouri. Chapter 53: 541-549. 2003
Links about Artificial insemination
Selected external links
for this article
about Artificial insemination:
https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/194/Brown2004.pdf?sequence=1
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