EEHV


Definition of EEHV
(Scientific name: Proboscivirus)

From the elephant glossary Section: disease


Relevant Literature about EEHV
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The Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus


(Database records of deceased elephants due to Herpes Virus, as well as list of survivors, further down the page)

Over 100 cases of lethal acute hemorrhagic disease in young Asian elephants have been reported worldwide. (1)

From Gary S. Hayward, Ph D. Johns Hopkins School of Medicine A novel herpesvirus called EEHV1 was identified originally as the cause of fatal acute haemorrhagic disease in young Asian elephants and another Species EEHV2 was found in African elephants (Richman et al 1999). However, since 2007 many more elephant herpesvirus types have been detected with a total number of 12 Species and four sub-species now known. The eight different EEHV Species are all classified as members of the Proboscivirus genus, which evidently initially evolved separately from all other mammalian herpesvirus Groups when its hosts the ancestors of modern elephants diverged from all other placental mammals over 100 million years ago. They then branched further into multiple EEHV Species between 10 to 40 million years ago, long before Asian and African elephants and the woolly mammoths diverged from a common ancestor about 7 million years ago. Six of the eight different Species or sub-species of Proboscivirus identified in elephants, namely EEHV1A, EEHV1B, EEHV2, EEHV3, EEHV4 and EEHV5, have all caused cases of fatal hemorrhagic disease (Garner et al, 2009; Latimer et al, 2011). However, by far the major culprits have been an assortment of different strains of the two partially related chimeric versions of EEHV1 (referred to as EEHV1A and EEHV1B).

As in most mammals, several distinct Species (five) of yet another very highly diverged type of herpesvirus called gamma herpesviruses or EGHVs have often been found in oral and eye secretions, as well as in oral mucosal papillomas, from both Asian and African elephants in the USA, but these do not seem to cause any lethal disease. Inapparent lifetime long latent infections by herpesviruses are very common in nature, where they have adapted well to their natural hosts and only rarely cross host Species barriers or cause severe disease. In fact, most human Adults unknowingly harbor latent infections by between four and seven of the eight different Species of human herpesviruses, which sometime result in chicken pox (primary VZV), roseolla (HHV6B), mononucleosis (EBV), cold sores (HSV1), genital herpes (HSV2) and shingles (reactivated VZV) in healthy people. They are most commonly transmitted in saliva, with only one (HSV2) being sexually transmitted, but some (EBV, KSHV) trigger certain kinds of rare Cancers , and (together with HCMV) can have serious consequences in immunosuppressed AIDS and organ transplant patients.

It is now also very clear that this is not just a disease of zoos or of captivity. There are pathologically consistent reports of at least 24 lethal haemorrhagic disease cases recently attributed to EEHV also in Orphans and wild calves within several Asian range countries. A laboratory for collecting and diagnostic testing of suspected samples has been set up by the Kerala Wildlife Service in association with National Elephant Herpesvirus Laboratory in Washington DC, and the Johns Hopkins University Herpesvirus Research Group. Much additional Research is urgently required to further evaluate this situation within wild-range countries.

African elephants: Benign skin and lung nodules


Microscopically visible particles and intracellular inclusion bodies consistent with being herpesviruses were first described in the 1970s and 1980s in characteristic localized skin nodules on the Trunk and head of several Juvenile African elephants in Florida, as well as in Pulmonary nodules within the Lungs of otherwise healthy culled Adult African elephants at Kruger National Park. The visible skin and genital growths or lesions usually regress after several weeks and are thought to represent occasional reactivation from hidden "latent" infections. Although these were originally thought to be the same Species (EEHV1) that caused hemorrhagic disease in Asian elephant calves, several recent studies have instead now revealed that both skin and lung nodules from African elephants in South Africa, the USA and Kenya all contain one or more of the EEHV2, EEHV3, EEHV6 and EEHV7 Species, but probably not EEHV1. Only two ex situ African elephant calves are known to have died of EEHV2-associated hemorrhagic disease (Kijana) and one survived mild viremic EEHV6 disease.

Asian elephants: Acute hemorrhagic disease


Primary EEHV infection can sometimes cause fatal haemorrhagic disease in young Asian elephants. This disease has a sudden acute onset and preferentially targets calves or Juveniles between the ages of one and eight years (with more than half of those between one and three years of age). Initial clinical signs (symptoms) include lethargy, facial and neck swelling (oedema) and purple tongue (cyanosis), which then progresses rapidly to an uncontrolled severe viremic condition involving damaged endothelial cells in blood vessels of the elephants'>Heart, liver and most major internal organs. The first case was identified in 1995 at the Washington Zoo and reported in Science in 1999 (the earliest confirmed case is from 1983). A total of at least 80 cases of suspected EEHV hemorrhagic disease have now been recorded worldwide, including in Europe, the UK, USA, Canada, Thailand and India. The acute form of the disease has had an 80 to 90% fatality rate (Latimer et al, 2011). Although most cases have involved young captive-born Asian elephants, only one was less than one year of age (suggesting a possible protective role of maternal antibodies), but several cases have involved older wild-born Asian Adults (up to 40 years of age).

DNA PCR tests can be carried out on the blood and serum within 12 to 24 hours. This "viremia or DNAemia" test has been used to confirm acute EEHV disease cases and to trigger successful drug treatment of symptomatic animals. Without treatment, afflicted elephants that have reached this stage of disease usually die very fast, in several cases within 24 hours. In all nine examples of "cures" EEHV1-infected calves with confirmed positive PCR DNA blood tests survived after quick early treatment with famciclovir (500 mg/70 kg body-weight, 3-4 weeks). These animals then became DNA-negative after several weeks of monitoring blood samples. Some surviving calves had a transient peak of up to 100,000 EEHV1 viral genomes/ml blood with mild symptoms, whereas those that died with or without treatment reached levels as high as 50 million viral genomes/ml blood (and had easily detectable virus in the serum as well). Two treated female calf survivors have since gone on to produce healthy calves of their own. The standard diagnostic PCR blood test has rarely been positive in healthy elephants (unless undergoing an asymptomatic primary or reactivated infection episode), but unfortunately even this expensive drug treatment has not been effective in many other cases.
Of 78 Asian elephants born in the United States and Canada between 1978 and 2007 that lived up to two months of age, 19 died of this disease, and seven more might have if not treated successfully. Officially "saved" elephant calves include Doc, Chandra, Obert, Jade, Maliha and Barack. It is likely that as for most herpesviruses EEHV1 is endogenous and almost ubiquitous in all Asian elephant populations. Constant monitoring and use of more sensitive real-time PCR tests (Stanton et al, 2010) have provided increasing evidence that many healthy wild-born Asian elephants in captivity periodically shed low levels of "reactivated" EEHV1 virus in Trunk wash secretions (Stanton et al, 2010), implying that they not only carry "latent" infections, but presumably survived mild infections when young. Serology tests for evidence of antibodies that indicate prior EEHV infections have been positive in between 15 and 30% of all Asian and African elephants tested in North America.

Epidemiology: Multiple EEHV Species and Strains


Amongst the 37 suspected cases of EEHV-associated hemorrhagic disease in Asian elephants in North America, 30 have been confirmed by DNA analysis of blood or Necropsy samples. This number includes the seven calves that survived after treatment with anti-herpesvirus drugs (either aciclovir or ganciclovir) that were designed for use in humans and administered very quickly after diagnosis. Amongst those 30 cases, 24 were caused by EEHV1A, four by EEHV1B, and one each by EEHV3 and EEHV4. However, a considerable number of sub-clinical viremias in Asian elephants associated with either EEHV1A, EEHV1B or EEHV5 have also now been detected. In Europe, there have been 24 suspected cases, including six in 2009 to 2011, and with only two known drug-treated survivors. Amongst the European deaths that have been most extensively evaluated by DNA subtype testing, seven were EEHV1A cases, two were EEHV1B cases and one an EEHV5 case. In Asia, more than 24 suspected cases have been reported with four DNA confirmed cases in Thailand (3x EEHV1A, 1x EEHV4), one in Cambodia (EEHV1A) and nine in Southern India (8x EEHV1A, 1x EEHV1B). Alarmingly, there have many more anecdotal cases as well from Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand and Sumatra. The nine cases collected and studied by Arun Zachariah in India between 2007 and 2011 that had high quality pathogenic Necropsy tissue DNA available for analysis included six Orphans being reared in working or training camps or at a zoo, and four sudden deaths in calves found serendipitously in free-ranging wild Herds by alert Mahouts or veterinarian wildlife officers.

Almost all cases of EEHV1A and EEHV1B disease have involved genetically distinguishable "strains", even when involving multiple progeny of the same breeding cow or bull, and with no two facilities ever having been found to have the same strains. This includes eight distinct strains being found amongst the nine cases in Southern India, indicating that this is probably not a new disease there and that these viruses have been around in Asia for a very long time (Zachariah et al, 2012, in press). Thus, this is clearly a sporadic not an epidemic disease, and there has been no direct chain of transmission from one facility to another. However, exactly the same strains of virus are often found being shed periodically in Trunk secretions by multiple healthy herdmates, including the same strain that had killed a calf at that same facility several years previously. Three cases are known of pairs of calves that died within a few days or weeks of each other at the same facility. In each case these proved to involve identical strains of the virus and were therefore evidently directly epidemiologically connected. However, in contrast, at six elephant housing facilities in North America and Europe that had multiple cases of hemorrhagic disease, strains of both EEHV1A and of EEHV1B were involved at different times. Furthermore, five closely monitored surviving young Asian elephants at USA facilities have been found to undergo primary infections with first a strain of either EEHV1A or EEHV1B that was cleared and resolved within a few months, but this was then followed subsequently within a year by a second infection with a strain of the other EEHV1 subtype. In each episode, the infection showed up first as transiently elevated levels of virus DNA in blood samples followed a few weeks later by elevated shedding of viral DNA in Trunk washes (Stanton et al, 2012).

Therefore, although it appears normal for all Asian elephant calves to become latently infected and to periodically reactivate one or more Species of EEHV, for reasons that are not yet understood, primary infections by either EEHV1A or EEHV1B apparently progress to lethal or severe disease in at least 20% of all Asian elephant calves born in captivity. Five examples of EEHV5 infections in Asian elephants have now also been observed, with one in Europe being lethal, whereas those in the USA had only very mild symptoms but did spread within all members (including calves) of a closely monitored Herd within a few months of initial detection in blood and Trunk washes (Atkins et al, 2012). EEHV4 has only been detected twice so far, but both times in cases of lethal hemorrhagic disease in Asian elephant calves, once in the USA and once in Thailand. Therefore, like EEHV1A and EEHV1B, both EEHV4 and EEHV5 are now all thought to be endogenous viruses of Asian elephants, but whether prior infections with the latter might provide protective immunity against EEHV1 is Unknown, and whether the apparent rarity of disease associated with EEHV4 and EEHV5 is because they are far less abundant or are less pathogenic is not clear. In only a single known case has an obviously natural African elephant virus (EEHV3) been responsible for the death of an Asian elephant calf.

Herpes virus and captive breeding of elephants


Lately (2007) there has been criticism from animal rights Groups regarding captive breeding of elephants, accusing Zoos or other elephant breeding facilities of spreading the deadly Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus (EEHV). I don't believe that running away from a problem by stopping the captive breeding program is the way to solve elephant herpesvirus... it is going to become a huge issue in the wild too in the future as the fragmented populations and controlled /captive breeding conditions in range countries in Asia become to resemble more and more the conditions in captivity here. It is better to figure out what is going on here now and learn how to control it and to continue to strengthen/enrich the gene pool in captivity as much as possible.

Herpes virus and artificial insemination


There is presently no evidence that it is transmitted by Artificial insemination. In fact the several progeny of Onyx that have had it include at least three very different Species of elephant herpesviruses. Furthermore, the virus that killed Haji the first Asian calf born by Artificial insemination is a novel EEHV1A/EEHV1B chimera that again is a very different virus from all other cases we have seen.

Herpes virus research


There are Research Groups in both the USA and Europe that offer DNA and serology tests for the viruses (eg The Elephant Herpesvirus Laboratory run by Dr Laura Richman and Erin Latimer at the National Zoological Park in Washington DC). EEHV molecular virology Research carried out there and in Dr Gary Haywards Lab.


Dr Gary Hayward and elephants in Vandalur Zoo in Chennai, India.

Gary S. Hayward, Ph D. Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (2007)


EEHV documented in wild and captive elephants in China



Elephant endotheliotropic herpesviruses (EEHVs) are important causes of death in both captive and wild Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Nothing is known about the prevalence of EEHVs in wild or domestic elephants in China. To determine if EEHVs are present in elephants in China, 126 wild elephants from three populations and 202 captive individuals from zoos (n = 155) and the Wild Elephant Valley (n = 47) were screened using semi-nested polymerase chain reaction assays with EEHV-redundant and EEHV1/4/5-specific primers. EEHV1B and EEHV4 were detected in samples from both wild (EEHV1B:8/126; EEHV4:2/126) and captive (EEHV1B:5/155; EEHV4:9/155) elephants, while EEHV1A (six cases) and EEHV5 (one case) were only present in the captive elephants from the Wild Elephant Valley. EEHV1 was detected in blood and Trunk and oral swabs; EEHV4 was detected in Trunk and oral swabs as well as feces; EEHV5 was found in Trunk and oral swabs. No significant age or sex association with EEHV1A, EEHV1B, or EEHV5 positivity was observed. An age association with EEHV4 positivity was found, with all unweaned elephants being EEHV4 positive, but an association with the sex of the elephant was not observed. These findings represent the first documentation of EEHV presence in captive and wild elephants in China. These findings also document EEHV1B and EEHV4 shedding in feces and demonstrate the utility of fecal screening as a tool for investigating EEHV4 infection in wild populations of elephants.
Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus 1, 4 and 5 in China: Occurrence in Multiple Sample Types and Implications for Wild and Captive Population Surveillance


EEHV documented in wild and captive elephants in Southern India



Nine cases among both orphaned camp and wild Asian elephants were identified by diagnostic PCR. These were subjected to detailed gene subtype DNA sequencing at multiple PCR loci, which revealed seven distinct strains of EEHV1A and one of EEHV1B. Two Orphan calves that died within 3 days of one another at the same training camp had identical EEHV1A DNA sequences, indicating a common epidemiologic source. However, the high level of EEHV1subtype genetic diversity found among the other Indian strains matches that among over 30EEHV1 strains that have been evaluated from Europe and North America. These results argue against the previous suggestions that this is just a disease of captive elephants and that the EEHV1virus has crossed recently from African elephant (Loxodonta africana) hosts to Asian elephants. Instead, both the virus and the disease are evidently widespread in Asia and, despite the disease severity, Asian elephants appear to be the ancient endogenous hosts of both EEHV1A and EEHV1B.
FATAL HERPESVIRUS HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE IN WILD ANDORPHAN ASIAN ELEPHANTS IN SOUTHERN INDIA


Officially saved and cured elephants that were definitely symptomatic are:


Strong DNA positive with hemorrhagic tissue at Necropsy and appropriate clinical symptoms = counted as a survivor.

  1. 0.1 Chandra (EEHV1A 1997) (Onyx x Moola) 1996-07-02 (Dickerson Park Zoo) Oklahoma City Zoo
  2. 1.0 Doc (EEHV1A) (Charlie x Alana) 1997-05-08 (Center for Elephant Conservation) Rosamond Gifford Zoo
  3. 1.0 Obert (EEHV1A) (Buke x Isa) 2003-08-20 (Endangered Ark Foundation) Endangered Ark Foundation
  4. 1.0 Barack (2x: EM, EEHV1A then EEHV1B) (Doc x Bonnie) 2009-01-19 (Center for Elephant Conservation) Center for Elephant Conservation
  5. 0.1 Methai (EEHV5A) (Houston Zoo) Houston Zoo
  6. 1.0 Tucker (EEHV5B) (Tusko (Sobik) x Tess) (Houston Zoo) Houston Zoo
  7. 0.1 Amithi (Nikolai x Farina) 12-24-2012 (Hannover Zoo) Pairi Daiza
  8. 1.0 Namsai (EEHV1b 2017) (Raja x Bua) 2013-07-27 (Kolmarden Zoo) Heidelberg Zoo
  9. 0.1 Tarli (EEHV1b 2017) (Raja x Damini) 2014-09-24 (Woburn Safari Park) Woburn Safari Park
  10. 0.1 Sanuk (Mekong x Thong Tai) 2016-10-16 (Artis Zoo) Artis Zoo
  11. 0.1 Achara (Rex x Asha) 2014-12-22 (Oklahoma City Zoo) Oklahoma City Zoo
  12. 0.1 Indali (Aung Bo x Sundara) 2016-12-17 (Chester Zoo) Chester Zoo
  13. 0.1 Joy (Thailand x Shanti) 2017-07-12 (Houston Zoo) Houston Zoo
  14. 0.1 Kairavi (Rex x Asha) 2018-10-09 (Oklahoma City Zoo) Oklahoma City Zoo
  15. 0.1 Navann (2017) (Hope (Yod Doi) x Sri Prae ) Elephant Nature Park

Infected but not officially cured


Individuals having low level viremias (DNA positive in blood) without clinical symptoms(asymptomatic) Also occasional periodic reactivated DNA-positive shedding in saliva/trunk wash (but not in blood) is also quite common and has no disease significance except as confirmation the individual elephant has latent infection (ie likely seropositive from a previous natural low level infection) = not counted as a survivor.

Afaik, Maliha, Jade, Baylor, and Tupelo were previously declared cured, but have all suffered relapses.

  1. 1.0 Samson (EEHV3B 2017) ( Willie x Lil Felix) Maryland Zoo
  2. 0.1 Maliha (Raja x Ellie) 2006-08-02 (Saint Louis Zoo) Saint Louis Zoo
  3. 0.1 Jade (Raja x Rani) 2007-02-25 (Saint Louis Zoo) Saint Louis Zoo
  4. 1.0 Baylor (EEHV4B) (Thai x Shanti) 2010-05-04 (Houston Zoo) Houston Zoo
  5. 0.1 Tupelo (Thai x Tess) 2010-10-03 (Houston Zoo) Houston Zoo
  6. 1.0 Plai Puhwin (2018) Thailand unspecified location
  7. 1.0 Plai Palo-Mae (2018) Thailand unspecified location
  8. 1.0 Iqhwa (wild bull x Tonga/Rambo) (Vienna Zoo) Vienna Zoo

150 Deceased elephants due to Herpes Virus.

NameSpecies
Sex
OriginAgeBirthDeath dateDeath reasonParentsArrival
Death location
+ -Tsuni-LA
F
captive-born32021-07-182024-02-15disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Jack (Jackson) x Sukiri2021-07-18
Fairhope Conservation Center
+ -Santosh-EM
M
captive-born52018-12-242023-11-22disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Gajendra x Lai Sinh2018-12-24
Carl Hagenbecks Tierpark (Stellingen)
+ -Tula?-EM
unknown
captive-born62017-10-262023-11-00disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
x Aura2018-00-00
Tung La Kon elephant camp
+ -Man Jai-EM
M
captive-born102013-12-082023-08-24
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Bong Su x Dokkoon2013-12-08
Melbourne Zoo
+ -Sayun-EM
M
captive-born32020-12-182023-08-06unknown
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Po Chin x Soraya
Pairi Daiza (Parc Paradisio)
+ -Petit Jack-EM
M
captive-born22021-06-162023-07-18
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Upali x Nina2021-05-16
Dompierre Le Pal Zoo
+ -Luna-EM
wild32020-10-032023-07-13disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
x Aom2020-10-03
Samui Elephant Haven
+ -Fitz-LA
M
captive-born42019-09-022023-05-30unknown
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Jack (Jackson) x Mikki2019-09-02
Louisville Zoo
+ -Ajabu-LA
M
captive-born72016-05-142023-05-08
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
x Mlilo2016-05-14
Dallas Zoo
+ -Chuchai-EM
M
captive-born22021-02-222023-03-09?unknown
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
x Tammy2021-02-22
Baan Mama
+ -Amalee-EM
F
captive-born32020-03-272023-01-27disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Ankhor x Tamara
Prague Zoo (Zoo Praha)
+ -Damar-EM
M
captive-born32020-07-032023-01-11disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Robin x Ngatini2020-07-03
Buluh Cina ecopark
+ -Diamond-EM
M
captive-born02022-01-182022-09-26disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Ning Nong x Busapa2022-01-18
Na Jomtien Elephant Camp
+ -Bamboo-EM
M
captive-born?2022-08-28?disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Pu Eak x Kham Noi
Bamboo Elephant Family Care
+ -Sak-EM
M
captive-born52017-05-172022-08-26disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Chieng Mai x Kungrao2017-05-17
Copenhagen Zoo
+ -Ruwani-EM
F
captive-born52017-02-252022-07-23disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Thai x Farha2017-02-25
Zurich Zoo
+ -Omysha-EM
F
captive-born82014-06-172022-07-11disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Maxi x Indi2014-06-17
Zurich Zoo
+ -Umesh-EM
M
captive-born22020-02-052022-06-29disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus.
Thai x Indi2020-02-05
Zurich Zoo
+ -Beco-EM
M
captive-born132009-03-272022-06-18disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Coco (Sultan) x Phoebe2009-03-27
Columbus Zoo and Aquarium
+ -Raj-EM
M
captive-born42018-05-052022-06-09disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Gajendra x Shila2018-05-05
Carl Hagenbecks Tierpark (Stellingen)
+ -Jazmine-EM
F
captive-born92013-10-022022-01-02disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Samson x Rozie (Rozana)2013-10-02
Albuquerque Biological Park
+ -Thorn-EM
M
captive-born32018-05-042021-12-25pathological
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV)
Samson x Rozie (Rozana)2018-05-04
Albuquerque Biological Park
+ -Prince-EM
M
captive-born12020-03-172021-12-07pathological
herpes virus?
Tonsak x Bua2020-03-17
Kolmarden Zoo
+ -Dumbo-EM
M
captive-born22019-07-222021-12-00unknown
herpes??
Lembang x Doa2019-07-22
Surabaya Zoo
+ -Arjun-EM
M
captive-born22019-01-152021-08-07unknown
herpes virus?
Ajit x Mangala2019-01-15
Kamlapur elephant camp
+ -Saee-EM
F
captive-born32018-12-182021-08-03unknown
herpes virus??
Ajit x Rani2018-12-18
Kamlapur elephant camp
+ -Kibali-LA
F
captive-born22019-07-132021-07-09pathological
cardiac arrest from Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
x Numbi2019-07-13
Vienna Zoo
+ -Kottoor Arjunnan-EM
M
wild52016?2021-07-06?disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
x
Kottoor elephant rehabilitation centre (ERC)
+ -Sreekutty-EM
F
unknown22019-08-002021-06-28disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
x 2019-11-09
Kottoor elephant rehabilitation centre (ERC)
+ -Kiran-EM
M
captive-born12020-01-112021-06-18disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus EEHV1
Voi Nam x Rani2020-01-11
Leipzig Zoo
+ -Hero-EM
M
unknown?2021-05disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
x
Dhenkanal Kapilash animal Zoo and science park
+ -Thabo-EM
M
captive-born42017-09-252021-04-28?disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Maurice x Kina2017-09-25
Amersfoort Zoo
+ -Lucas-LA
M
captive-born102011-06-032021-04-10?disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus EEHV2
Jack (Jackson) x Renee2011-06-03
Toledo Zoo
+ -Batu-EM
M
captive-born52015-05-122020-12-11disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus EEHV1A
Doc x Mali2015-05-12
Syracuse Zoo (Rosamond Gifford Zoo)
+ -Chabakaew-EM
M
wild?2020-12-09disease
maybe Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus?
x 2019-08-00
Phu Wua Wildlife Sanctuary elephant camp
+ -Ajay-EM
M
captive-born12019-01-152020-12-08disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus EEHV1A
Doc x Mali2019-01-15
Syracuse Zoo (Rosamond Gifford Zoo)
+ -Sombhun-EM
M
captive-born72013-03-312020-09-17disease
suspicion: Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
x Geo I2019-00-00
Baan Na Klang (village)
+ -Yunha-EM
F
captive-born32017-03-252020-04-07disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Maurice x Indra2017-03-25
Amersfoort Zoo
+ -noname (wild)-EM
F
wild?2020-04-00disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
x 2020-04-00
Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT)
+ -Samrat-EM
M
wild241996?2020-03-12disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
x 1998-00-00
Bhagwan Birsa Biological Park
+ -noname (wild)-EM
F
wild122007-00-00?2019-09-30disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
x 2007-00-00
Chandaka Dampada sanctuary
+ -Gouri-EM
F
wild72012-00-002019-09-20disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
x 2012-00-00
Nandankanan Zoo
+ -Kamala-EM
F
wild62013-08-012019-09-19disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
x 2013-11-22
Nandankanan Zoo
+ -Chandan-EM
M
unknown102009-00-002019-09-15disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
x
Nandankanan Zoo
+ -Julie-EM
F
unknown122007?2019-08-26disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus and acute abdominal colic
x
Nandankanan Zoo
+ -Jumbo-EM
M
captive-born32016-00-002019-04-20disease
weak from an infection (herpes?)
x 2019-04-17
Krabi TECC elephant hospital
+ -Kalina-LA
F
captive-born82011-07-202019-03-26disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus EEHV3A
Jack (Jackson) x Kubwa2011-07-20
Indianapolis Zoo
+ -Nyah-LA
F
captive-born72012-06-282019-03-19disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus EEHV3A
Jack (Jackson) x Ivory2012-06-28
Indianapolis Zoo
+ -Miss Bets-LA
F
captive-born122007-12-082019-02-09disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus EEHV3B
Willie x Amy2015-05-00
Fresno Chaffee Zoological Gardens
+ -Raja-EM
F
wild?2018-11-30disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
x 2018-05-14
Dhenkanal Kapilash animal Zoo and science park
+ -Lily-EM
F
captive-born62012-11-302018-11-29disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)
Tusko x Rose-Tu (twin)2012-11-30
Portland Zoo (Metro Washington Park Zoo)
+ -unknown (wild)-EM
unknown
wild?2018-11-27disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
x 2018-11-24
Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT)
+ -Asha-EM
F
captive-born52013-02-142018-11-24disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Assam x Angèle2013-02-14
Budapest Zoo
+ -Nandita-EM
F
captive-born32015-08-202018-10-25disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Aung Bo x Thi Ha Way2015-08-20
Chester Zoo
+ -Aayu Hi Way-EM
M
captive-born12017-01-182018-10-25disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Aung Bo x Sithami2017-01-18
Chester Zoo
+ -Tukta-EM
F
captive-born82010-11-022018-09-03disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Gung x Pak Boon2010-11-02
Sydney Zoo
+ -Tarzen-EM
M
captive-born02018-04-112018-06-26disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1a)
Chang x Khaing Phyo Phyo2018-04-11
Planckendael Zoo
+ -Anjuli-EM
F
captive-born32015-07-132018-06-13disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1a)
Gajendra x Yashoda2015-07-13
Carl Hagenbecks Tierpark (Stellingen)
+ -Kanja-EM
M
captive-born22016-01-112018-06-06disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1a)
Gajendra x Kandy2016-01-11
Carl Hagenbecks Tierpark (Stellingen)
+ -Qiyo-EM
F
captive-born32015-06-162018-05-27disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1a)
Chang x Khaing Phyo Phyo2015-06-16
Planckendael Zoo
+ -Gendu-EM
F
captive-born32015?2018-05-08disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus?
Boy x Girl2015-00-00
Lok Kawi Wildlife Park (Sabah Zoo)
+ -Namtan-EM
F
unknown?2018-04-07disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
x 2018-04-07
Krabi TECC elephant hospital
+ -Kenzi-EM
F
captive-born72011-06-242018-02-24disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)
Raja x Rani2011-06-24
St Louis Zoo
+ -Zuki-EM
M
captive-born42014-03-032018-01-29unknown
suspicion: Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus?
x Bua Jan (Bua Jaan)
Journey to Freedom project (Sangduen Chailert)
+ -Chang Jiew (Dante)-EM
M
captive-born72010-02-152017-04-22disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Jok x Kamnoi2010-02-00
FAE Elephant Hospital
+ -Rubi-EM
F
captive-born22015-03-042017-01-22
herpes virus?
x 2015-03-04
Okinawa Zoo
+ -Ammu-EM
F
wild120152016-12-00disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
x 2015-12-00
Konni Elephant Kraal Reserve
+ -Pepi-EM
F
wild920072016-10-15disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
x 2007-00-00
Way Kambas Elephant Training Center (PLG)
+ -Lakshmi-EM
F
wild?~20102016-07-21disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)
x 2012-00-00
Konni Elephant Kraal Reserve
+ -Buba-EM
M
captive-born32013-03-022016-03-02disease
Probably Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Ganapati (Ganapathy) x Sami2015-09-00
Estepona Selwo safari park
+ -Sumitra (OST Nr.3)-EM
F
captive-born22014-02-042016-01-23disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus?
Calvin (Chanda) x Vishesh2014-02-04
Ostrava Zoo
+ -Nate-EM
M
captive-born42012-12-152016disease
EEHV - Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus EEHV1A
Romeo x Sally2012-12-15
Ringling Brothers Barnum and Bailey Center for Elephant Conservation
+ -Mumba-EM
F
captive-born42011-06-182015-12-08disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus?
Nikolai x Thong Tai2011-06-18
Amsterdam Artis Zoo
+ -Jade-EM
F
captive-born72008-05-042015-11-30disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Chang x Nina2008-05-04
Dompierre Le Pal Zoo
+ -Hari Hi Way-EM
M
captive-born32012-11-252015-10-27disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Upali x Sundara2012-11-25
Chester Zoo
+ -Malee-EM
F
captive-born42011-04-152015-10-01unknown
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus? (EEHV1A)
Sneezy x Asha2011-04-15
Oklahoma City Zoo
+ -Bala Hi Way-EM
F
captive-born22013-01-212015-09-14disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Upali x Sithami2013-01-21
Chester Zoo
+ -Hem Gaj-EM
M
captive-born32012-08-002015-08-10disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
x Man Kali2012-08-00
NTNC-Biodiversity Conservation Center
+ -Max-EM
M
captive-born22013-10-132015-06-05disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Emmett (Tundi) x Karishma2013-10-13
Whipsnade Wild Animal Park
+ -Daizy-EM
F
captive-born62009-09-022015-05-09disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)
Albert x Rozie (Rozana)2009-09-02
Albuquerque Biological Park
+ -Mike-EM
M
captive-born22013-06-272015-01-25disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)
Romeo x Angelica2013-06-27
Ringling Brothers Barnum and Bailey Center for Elephant Conservation
+ -unknown-EM
unknown
captive-born?2015disease
EEHV - Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
x Sari
Tangkahan Conservation Response Unit (CRU)
+ -Khao Sok-EM
M
captive-born12013-02-252014-11-24euthanised
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Chieng Mai x Kungrao2013-02-25
Copenhagen Zoo
+ -noname (wild)-EM
M
wild220122014-09-00disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
x
Begur forest (Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary)
+ -Ganesh-EM
M
captive-born12013-02-142014-05-00disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
x Sushila2013-02-14
Botezari elephant camp
+ -Naka-EM
M
captive-born12013-01-002014-03-12disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
x Kampan2013-01-04
FAE Elephant Hospital
+ -Nayan Hi Way-EM
M
captive-born32010-07-182013-07-29disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus??
Upali x Sithami2010-07-18
Chester Zoo
+ -Arwen-EM
F
captive-born12012-05-292013-06-25?disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus?
Ant Bwe Lay x Homaline2012-05-29
Pont-Scorff Zoo
+ -Jamilah Hi Way-EM
F
captive-born22011-01-222013-06-03?disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Upali x Thi Ha Way2011-01-22
Chester Zoo
+ -unknown-EM
unknown
captive-born?2013disease
EEHV - Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
x Sari
Tangkahan Conservation Response Unit (CRU)
+ -Nila Utama-EM
M
captive-born32010-11-232013disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Chawang (Lasah) x Sri Nandong2010-11-23
Singapore Night Safari
+ -Anar Kali-EM
F
captive-born12011-05-092012-11-00disease
EEHV - Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
x Aiswary Mala2011-05-09
Sauraha elephant breeding centre
+ -Mohini-EM
F
?2012-10-17disease
EEHV - Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
x 2012-00-00
Bhopal operation Durga
+ -stillborn-EM
F
captive-born02012-03-252012-03-25stillborn
EEHV, Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus?
Raja x Tara2012-03-25
Twycross Zoo
+ -Gauri-EM
captive-born42008-12-002012-01-00disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus?
x Sushila2008-12-00
Botezari elephant camp
+ -Ko Raya-EM
F
captive-born22009-03-152011-05-27disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus EEHV1A
Victor x Pang Pha2009-03-15
Berlin Zoo
+ -Ganesh Vijay-EM
M
captive-born22009-08-062011-04-13?euthanised
EEHV - Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV5A)
Emmett (Tundi) x Noor Jahan2009-08-06
Twycross Zoo
+ -Shaina Pali-EM
F
captive-born62005-06-152011-04-05
EEHV - Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus EEHV1A
Victor x Pang Pha2005-06-15
Berlin Zoo
+ -Tong Tae (Tong Teh)-EM
M
captive-born32008-05-132011-04-01disease
ev. herpes?
x Mae Tong Dee
Wanchai Manapermpian
+ -Mahagiri-EM
F
?2011-02-00disease
viral haemorrhagic fever (EEHV - Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus?)
x
Bandhavgarh elephant camp
+ -Bhadra-EM
M
captive-born?2011disease
EEHV - Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
x unknown
Sauraha unspecified location
+ -JP-EM
M
captive-born42006-12-122010-06-22disease
EEHV - Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)
Tusko x Rosie2006-12-12
Have Trunk Will Travel (Gary and Kari Johnson)
+ -Baby Zeno-EM
F
captive-born22008-09-242010disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus?
x Kamprai 2008-09-24
FAE Elephant Hospital
+ -Chellam-EM
F
wild420052009-11-20disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus? (EEHV1A)
x 2005-09-13
Madras Vandalur Zoo
+ -Raman-EM
M
captive-born32006-11-122009-07-23disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)
Upali x Thi Ha Way2006-11-12
Chester Zoo
+ -Leelee (Bets)-EM
F
captive-born22007-01-192009-05-17disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)
Emmett (Tundi) x Kaylee2007-01-19
Whipsnade Wild Animal Park
+ -Donaldson (Riddle)-EM
M
captive-born12008-01-172009-05-03disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)
Emmett (Tundi) x Azizah (Lay,Layang Layang)2008-01-17
Whipsnade Wild Animal Park
+ -Mac-EM
M
captive-born22006-10-012008-11-09disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)
Thai (Thailand) x Shanti2006-10-01
Houston Zoo
+ -Malti-EM
F
captive-born12007-08-092008-11-01disease
acute heart failure because of Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)
Spike (Ganesha) x Maharani (Rani)2007-08-09
Calgary Zoo
+ -Aswathy-EM
F
captive-born020072007-12-28disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)
x 2007-00-00
Kodanadu Elephant training centre
+ -Niranjan-EM
M
unknown12006-00-002007-12-26disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)
x 2006-00-00
Kodanadu Elephant training centre
+ -Nisha-EM
F
captive-born12006-07-182007-12-01disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)
Sabu (Sabu-hit) x Moola2006-07-18
Dickerson Park Zoo
+ -Hansa-EM
F
captive-born72000-11-032007-06-08disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV3A)
Onyx (Big Mac) x Chai2000-11-03
Seattle Zoo (Woodland Park Zoo)
+ -Aneena-EM
F
captive-born22004-03-162006-12-17disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1B)
Emmett (Tundi) x Kaylee2004-03-16
Whipsnade Wild Animal Park
+ -Logan-EM
M
captive-born02006-04-132006-04-13disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)
Rex (Bimbo, Barney) x Lilly (Israela)2006-04-13
African Lion Safari (Ontario)
+ -Plai Lomsak-EM
M
captive-born?2006-01-13disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
x Pang Lampang2005-00-00
Sublanka Wildlife Sanctuary
+ -Ganesh-EM
M
captive-born71998-03-152005-08-16disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)
Sabu (Sabu-hit) x Jati-Hit2003-04-18
Columbus Zoo and Aquarium
+ -Sitang-EM
M
captive-born32002-06-302005-08-15disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Luka x Khaing Phyo Phyo
Port Lympne Zoo
+ -stillborn-EM
M
captive-born02005-05-282005-05-28disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Luka x Yu Yu Yin2005-05-28
Port Lympne Zoo
+ -Kimba-EM
F
captive-born131991-07-172004-09-05disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)
Thai (Thailand) x Methai (Me Thai)1991-07-17
Houston Zoo
+ -Seima-EM
wild320012004-05-06disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
x 2002-00-00
Phnom Tamao Zoo and Wildlife Rescue Center (PTWRC)
+ -Baby Jennie-EM
F
captive-born61998-09-062004-04-12disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV4A)
Buke x Isa
Endangered Ark Foundation
+ -Aishu-EM
M
captive-born32000-06-102003-10-15disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Maxi x Ceyla (Ceyla-Himali)2000-06-10
Zurich Zoo
+ -Punjab-EM
M
captive-born22001-12-022003-10-06disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Chieng Mai x Ida2001-12-02
Copenhagen Zoo
+ -Preya-EM
F
captive-born32000-02-102003-04-12disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)
Indy (Butch) x Romani2000-02-10
Syracuse Zoo (Rosamond Gifford Zoo)
+ -Senang-EM
M
captive-born02002-01-202002-12-20disease
intestinal problems and Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Alexander x Bernhardine (Bernhardini)2002-01-20
Rotterdam Zoo
+ -Kathy Sh-Boom-EM
F
wild421960-11-252002-11-21disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)
x 1965-08-05
Niabi Zoo
+ -Haji-EM
M
captive-born31999-11-282002-06-07disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1B)
Onyx (Big Mac) x Moola1999-11-28
Dickerson Park Zoo
+ -Kiri-EM
M
captive-born02000-04-052000-12-28disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)
Kiba x Pang Pha2000-04-05
Berlin Zoo
+ -Kala-EM
M
captive-born21998-05-172000-11-29disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)
Onyx (Big Mac) x Patience2000-05-10
Six Flags Discovery Kingdom (Six Flags Marine World)
+ -Singgah-EM
F
captive-born71993-12-292000-01-01disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)
Thai (Thailand) x Methai (Me Thai)1993-12-29
Houston Zoo
+ -Xian-EM
M
captive-born21997-09-081999-11-20disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)
Maxi x Ceyla (Ceyla-Himali)1997-09-08
Zurich Zoo
+ -Willi-EM
M
captive-born01999-01-111999-01-12disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Alexander x Bernhardine (Bernhardini)1999-01-11
Munster Zoo
+ -Citta (Zita)-EM
F
wild2619721998-11-15disease
herpes virus?
x 1992-04-29
Krefeld Zoo
+ -Kiba-EM
M
captive-born111987-12-311998-08-30disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1B)
Thai (Thailand) x Methai (Me Thai)1997-11-20
Berlin Zoo
+ -Indira-EM
F
captive-born31995-03-011998-07-13disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Ramon x Irma1995-03-01
Rotterdam Zoo
+ -Kijana-LA
M
captive-born11995-11-031996-10-07disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV2)
Smokey x Lisa1995-11-03
Oakland Zoo (Knowland Park)
+ -Kumari-EM
F
captive-born21993-12-141995-04-26disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)
Indy (Butch) x Shanthi1993-12-14
Smithsonian National Zoological Park
+ -Maverick-EM
M
captive-born71986-10-051993-11-26disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Sneezy x Tooma1986-10-05
Tulsa Zoo
+ -Maiya (Kate)-EM
F
captive-born21991-07-261993-02-28disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Onyx (Big Mac) x Connie (Pinky)1991-07-26
Dickerson Park Zoo
+ -Pearl-EM
F
captive-born31988-12-071991-09-02disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)
Thai (Thailand) x Indu1991-04-25
Lincoln Park Zoo
+ -Bopper (Beau Thai)-EM
M
captive-born41984-02-011988-08-26disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Thai (Thailand) x Methai (Me Thai)1988-04-24
African Lion Safari (Ontario)
+ -Lohimi-EM
F
captive-born31985-05-241988-07-21disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)
Maxi x Claudy (Claudia)
Circus Knie
+ -Susie (Malinda)-LA
F
wild161971-00-001987-00-00disease
cholangiolithiasis and herpes virus?
x 1982-00-00
Heidelberg Zoo
+ -Shoney-EM
M
captive-born21981-10-221983-05-01disease
herpes virus?
Buke x Whimpy1981-10-22
Bucky Steele
+ -Astor-EM
M
captive-born21981-08-201983-01-26disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
Groucho x Patti1981-08-20
Bronx Zoo
+ -Orje-EM
M
captive-born21936-04-081938-09-12disease
Infection, possibly herpes virus
Omar x Aida1936-04-08
Berlin Zoo
+ -Gigi-EM
F
captive-born-20152015-02-24disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
George x Emily2015-02-24
African Lion Safari (Ontario)
+ -Nandini-EM
F
captive-born-20162016-04-12disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus?
x Sushila2016-04-12
Botezari elephant camp
+ -Unnamed-EM
M
captive-born-20082008-05-11disease
Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus
x Shamsher Kali2008-05-11
Sauraha elephant breeding centre




Reference list Koehl, Dan, (2024). EEHV. Elephant Encyclopedia, available online retrieved 20 September 2021 at https://www.elephant.se/index.php?id=235. (archived at the Wayback machine)


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