EEHV

Definition of EEHV
(Scientific name: Proboscivirus)

From the elephant glossary Section: disease

Relevant Literature about EEHV
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The Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus

(Database records of deceased elephants due to Herpes Virus, as well as list of survivors, further down the page)

Over 100 cases of lethal acute hemorrhagic disease in young Asian elephants have been reported worldwide. (1)

From Gary S. Hayward, Ph D. Johns Hopkins School of Medicine A novel herpesvirus called EEHV1 was identified originally as the cause of fatal acute haemorrhagic disease in young Asian elephants and another Species EEHV2 was found in African elephants (Richman et al 1999). However, since 2007 many more elephant herpesvirus types have been detected with a total number of 12 Species and four sub-species now known. The eight different EEHV Species are all classified as members of the Proboscivirus genus, which evidently initially evolved separately from all other mammalian herpesvirus Groups when its hosts the ancestors of modern elephants diverged from all other placental mammals over 100 million years ago. They then branched further into multiple EEHV Species between 10 to 40 million years ago, long before Asian and African elephants and the woolly mammoths diverged from a common ancestor about 7 million years ago. Six of the eight different Species or sub-species of Proboscivirus identified in elephants, namely EEHV1A, EEHV1B, EEHV2, EEHV3, EEHV4 and EEHV5, have all caused cases of fatal hemorrhagic disease (Garner et al, 2009; Latimer et al, 2011). However, by far the major culprits have been an assortment of different strains of the two partially related chimeric versions of EEHV1 (referred to as EEHV1A and EEHV1B).

As in most mammals, several distinct Species (five) of yet another very highly diverged type of herpesvirus called gamma herpesviruses or EGHVs have often been found in oral and eye secretions, as well as in oral mucosal papillomas, from both Asian and African elephants in the USA, but these do not seem to cause any lethal disease. Inapparent lifetime long latent infections by herpesviruses are very common in nature, where they have adapted well to their natural hosts and only rarely cross host Species barriers or cause severe disease. In fact, most human Adults unknowingly harbor latent infections by between four and seven of the eight different Species of human herpesviruses, which sometime result in chicken pox (primary VZV), roseolla (HHV6B), mononucleosis (EBV), cold sores (HSV1), genital herpes (HSV2) and shingles (reactivated VZV) in healthy people. They are most commonly transmitted in saliva, with only one (HSV2) being sexually transmitted, but some (EBV, KSHV) trigger certain kinds of rare Cancers , and (together with HCMV) can have serious consequences in immunosuppressed AIDS and organ transplant patients.

It is now also very clear that this is not just a disease of zoos or of captivity. There are pathologically consistent reports of at least 24 lethal haemorrhagic disease cases recently attributed to EEHV also in Orphans and wild calves within several Asian range countries. A laboratory for collecting and diagnostic testing of suspected samples has been set up by the Kerala Wildlife Service in association with National Elephant Herpesvirus Laboratory in Washington DC, and the Johns Hopkins University Herpesvirus Research Group. Much additional Research is urgently required to further evaluate this situation within wild-range countries.

African elephants: Benign skin and lung nodules

Microscopically visible particles and intracellular inclusion bodies consistent with being herpesviruses were first described in the 1970s and 1980s in characteristic localized skin nodules on the Trunk and head of several Juvenile African elephants in Florida, as well as in Pulmonary nodules within the Lungs of otherwise healthy culled Adult African elephants at Kruger National Park. The visible skin and genital growths or lesions usually regress after several weeks and are thought to represent occasional reactivation from hidden "latent" infections. Although these were originally thought to be the same Species (EEHV1) that caused hemorrhagic disease in Asian elephant calves, several recent studies have instead now revealed that both skin and lung nodules from African elephants in South Africa, the USA and Kenya all contain one or more of the EEHV2, EEHV3, EEHV6 and EEHV7 Species, but probably not EEHV1. Only two ex situ African elephant calves are known to have died of EEHV2-associated hemorrhagic disease (Kijana) and one survived mild viremic EEHV6 disease.

Asian elephants: Acute hemorrhagic disease

Primary EEHV infection can sometimes cause fatal haemorrhagic disease in young Asian elephants. This disease has a sudden acute onset and preferentially targets calves or Juveniles between the ages of one and eight years (with more than half of those between one and three years of age). Initial clinical signs (symptoms) include lethargy, facial and neck swelling (oedema) and purple tongue (cyanosis), which then progresses rapidly to an uncontrolled severe viremic condition involving damaged endothelial cells in blood vessels of the elephants'>Heart, liver and most major internal organs. The first case was identified in 1995 at the Washington Zoo and reported in Science in 1999 (the earliest confirmed case is from 1983). A total of at least 80 cases of suspected EEHV hemorrhagic disease have now been recorded worldwide, including in Europe, the UK, USA, Canada, Thailand and India. The acute form of the disease has had an 80 to 90% fatality rate (Latimer et al, 2011). Although most cases have involved young captive-born Asian elephants, only one was less than one year of age (suggesting a possible protective role of maternal antibodies), but several cases have involved older wild-born Asian Adults (up to 40 years of age).

DNA PCR tests can be carried out on the blood and serum within 12 to 24 hours. This "viremia or DNAemia" test has been used to confirm acute EEHV disease cases and to trigger successful drug treatment of symptomatic animals. Without treatment, afflicted elephants that have reached this stage of disease usually die very fast, in several cases within 24 hours. In all nine examples of "cures" EEHV1-infected calves with confirmed positive PCR DNA blood tests survived after quick early treatment with famciclovir (500 mg/70 kg body-weight, 3-4 weeks). These animals then became DNA-negative after several weeks of monitoring blood samples. Some surviving calves had a transient peak of up to 100,000 EEHV1 viral genomes/ml blood with mild symptoms, whereas those that died with or without treatment reached levels as high as 50 million viral genomes/ml blood (and had easily detectable virus in the serum as well). Two treated female calf survivors have since gone on to produce healthy calves of their own. The standard diagnostic PCR blood test has rarely been positive in healthy elephants (unless undergoing an asymptomatic primary or reactivated infection episode), but unfortunately even this expensive drug treatment has not been effective in many other cases.
Of 78 Asian elephants born in the United States and Canada between 1978 and 2007 that lived up to two months of age, 19 died of this disease, and seven more might have if not treated successfully. Officially "saved" elephant calves include Doc, Chandra, Obert, Jade, Maliha and Barack. It is likely that as for most herpesviruses EEHV1 is endogenous and almost ubiquitous in all Asian elephant populations. Constant monitoring and use of more sensitive real-time PCR tests (Stanton et al, 2010) have provided increasing evidence that many healthy wild-born Asian elephants in captivity periodically shed low levels of "reactivated" EEHV1 virus in Trunk wash secretions (Stanton et al, 2010), implying that they not only carry "latent" infections, but presumably survived mild infections when young. Serology tests for evidence of antibodies that indicate prior EEHV infections have been positive in between 15 and 30% of all Asian and African elephants tested in North America.

Epidemiology: Multiple EEHV Species and Strains

Amongst the 37 suspected cases of EEHV-associated hemorrhagic disease in Asian elephants in North America, 30 have been confirmed by DNA analysis of blood or Necropsy samples. This number includes the seven calves that survived after treatment with anti-herpesvirus drugs (either aciclovir or ganciclovir) that were designed for use in humans and administered very quickly after diagnosis. Amongst those 30 cases, 24 were caused by EEHV1A, four by EEHV1B, and one each by EEHV3 and EEHV4. However, a considerable number of sub-clinical viremias in Asian elephants associated with either EEHV1A, EEHV1B or EEHV5 have also now been detected. In Europe, there have been 24 suspected cases, including six in 2009 to 2011, and with only two known drug-treated survivors. Amongst the European deaths that have been most extensively evaluated by DNA subtype testing, seven were EEHV1A cases, two were EEHV1B cases and one an EEHV5 case. In Asia, more than 24 suspected cases have been reported with four DNA confirmed cases in Thailand (3x EEHV1A, 1x EEHV4), one in Cambodia (EEHV1A) and nine in Southern India (8x EEHV1A, 1x EEHV1B). Alarmingly, there have many more anecdotal cases as well from Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand and Sumatra. The nine cases collected and studied by Arun Zachariah in India between 2007 and 2011 that had high quality pathogenic Necropsy tissue DNA available for analysis included six Orphans being reared in working or training camps or at a zoo, and four sudden deaths in calves found serendipitously in free-ranging wild Herds by alert Mahouts or veterinarian wildlife officers.

Almost all cases of EEHV1A and EEHV1B disease have involved genetically distinguishable "strains", even when involving multiple progeny of the same breeding cow or bull, and with no two facilities ever having been found to have the same strains. This includes eight distinct strains being found amongst the nine cases in Southern India, indicating that this is probably not a new disease there and that these viruses have been around in Asia for a very long time (Zachariah et al, 2012, in press). Thus, this is clearly a sporadic not an epidemic disease, and there has been no direct chain of transmission from one facility to another. However, exactly the same strains of virus are often found being shed periodically in Trunk secretions by multiple healthy herdmates, including the same strain that had killed a calf at that same facility several years previously. Three cases are known of pairs of calves that died within a few days or weeks of each other at the same facility. In each case these proved to involve identical strains of the virus and were therefore evidently directly epidemiologically connected. However, in contrast, at six elephant housing facilities in North America and Europe that had multiple cases of hemorrhagic disease, strains of both EEHV1A and of EEHV1B were involved at different times. Furthermore, five closely monitored surviving young Asian elephants at USA facilities have been found to undergo primary infections with first a strain of either EEHV1A or EEHV1B that was cleared and resolved within a few months, but this was then followed subsequently within a year by a second infection with a strain of the other EEHV1 subtype. In each episode, the infection showed up first as transiently elevated levels of virus DNA in blood samples followed a few weeks later by elevated shedding of viral DNA in Trunk washes (Stanton et al, 2012).

Therefore, although it appears normal for all Asian elephant calves to become latently infected and to periodically reactivate one or more Species of EEHV, for reasons that are not yet understood, primary infections by either EEHV1A or EEHV1B apparently progress to lethal or severe disease in at least 20% of all Asian elephant calves born in captivity. Five examples of EEHV5 infections in Asian elephants have now also been observed, with one in Europe being lethal, whereas those in the USA had only very mild symptoms but did spread within all members (including calves) of a closely monitored Herd within a few months of initial detection in blood and Trunk washes (Atkins et al, 2012). EEHV4 has only been detected twice so far, but both times in cases of lethal hemorrhagic disease in Asian elephant calves, once in the USA and once in Thailand. Therefore, like EEHV1A and EEHV1B, both EEHV4 and EEHV5 are now all thought to be endogenous viruses of Asian elephants, but whether prior infections with the latter might provide protective immunity against EEHV1 is Unknown, and whether the apparent rarity of disease associated with EEHV4 and EEHV5 is because they are far less abundant or are less pathogenic is not clear. In only a single known case has an obviously natural African elephant virus (EEHV3) been responsible for the death of an Asian elephant calf.

Herpes virus and captive breeding of elephants

Lately (2007) there has been criticism from animal rights Groups regarding captive breeding of elephants, accusing Zoos or other elephant breeding facilities of spreading the deadly Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus (EEHV). I don't believe that running away from a problem by stopping the captive breeding program is the way to solve elephant herpesvirus... it is going to become a huge issue in the wild too in the future as the fragmented populations and controlled /captive breeding conditions in range countries in Asia become to resemble more and more the conditions in captivity here. It is better to figure out what is going on here now and learn how to control it and to continue to strengthen/enrich the gene pool in captivity as much as possible.

Herpes virus and artificial insemination

There is presently no evidence that it is transmitted by Artificial insemination. In fact the several progeny of Onyx that have had it include at least three very different Species of elephant herpesviruses. Furthermore, the virus that killed Haji the first Asian calf born by Artificial insemination is a novel EEHV1A/EEHV1B chimera that again is a very different virus from all other cases we have seen.

Herpes virus research

There are Research Groups in both the USA and Europe that offer DNA and serology tests for the viruses (eg The Elephant Herpesvirus Laboratory run by Dr Laura Richman and Erin Latimer at the National Zoological Park in Washington DC). EEHV molecular virology Research carried out there and in Dr Gary Haywards Lab.

Dr Gary Hayward and elephants in Vandalur Zoo in Chennai, India.

Gary S. Hayward, Ph D. Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (2007)

EEHV documented in wild and captive elephants in China

Elephant endotheliotropic herpesviruses (EEHVs) are important causes of death in both captive and wild Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Nothing is known about the prevalence of EEHVs in wild or domestic elephants in China. To determine if EEHVs are present in elephants in China, 126 wild elephants from three populations and 202 captive individuals from zoos (n = 155) and the Wild Elephant Valley (n = 47) were screened using semi-nested polymerase chain reaction assays with EEHV-redundant and EEHV1/4/5-specific primers. EEHV1B and EEHV4 were detected in samples from both wild (EEHV1B:8/126; EEHV4:2/126) and captive (EEHV1B:5/155; EEHV4:9/155) elephants, while EEHV1A (six cases) and EEHV5 (one case) were only present in the captive elephants from the Wild Elephant Valley. EEHV1 was detected in blood and Trunk and oral swabs; EEHV4 was detected in Trunk and oral swabs as well as feces; EEHV5 was found in Trunk and oral swabs. No significant age or sex association with EEHV1A, EEHV1B, or EEHV5 positivity was observed. An age association with EEHV4 positivity was found, with all unweaned elephants being EEHV4 positive, but an association with the sex of the elephant was not observed. These findings represent the first documentation of EEHV presence in captive and wild elephants in China. These findings also document EEHV1B and EEHV4 shedding in feces and demonstrate the utility of fecal screening as a tool for investigating EEHV4 infection in wild populations of elephants.
Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus 1, 4 and 5 in China: Occurrence in Multiple Sample Types and Implications for Wild and Captive Population Surveillance

EEHV documented in wild and captive elephants in Southern India

Nine cases among both orphaned camp and wild Asian elephants were identified by diagnostic PCR. These were subjected to detailed gene subtype DNA sequencing at multiple PCR loci, which revealed seven distinct strains of EEHV1A and one of EEHV1B. Two Orphan calves that died within 3 days of one another at the same training camp had identical EEHV1A DNA sequences, indicating a common epidemiologic source. However, the high level of EEHV1subtype genetic diversity found among the other Indian strains matches that among over 30EEHV1 strains that have been evaluated from Europe and North America. These results argue against the previous suggestions that this is just a disease of captive elephants and that the EEHV1virus has crossed recently from African elephant (Loxodonta africana) hosts to Asian elephants. Instead, both the virus and the disease are evidently widespread in Asia and, despite the disease severity, Asian elephants appear to be the ancient endogenous hosts of both EEHV1A and EEHV1B.
FATAL HERPESVIRUS HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE IN WILD ANDORPHAN ASIAN ELEPHANTS IN SOUTHERN INDIA

Officially saved and cured elephants that were definitely symptomatic are:

Strong DNA positive with hemorrhagic tissue at Necropsy and appropriate clinical symptoms = counted as a survivor.

0.1 Chandra (EEHV1A 1997) (Onyx x Moola) 1996-07-02 (Dickerson Park Zoo) Oklahoma City Zoo
1.0 Doc (EEHV1A) (Charlie x Alana) 1997-05-08 (Center for Elephant Conservation) Rosamond Gifford Zoo
1.0 Obert (EEHV1A) (Buke x Isa) 2003-08-20 (Endangered Ark Foundation) Endangered Ark Foundation
1.0 Barack (2x: EM, EEHV1A then EEHV1B) (Doc x Bonnie) 2009-01-19 (Center for Elephant Conservation) Center for Elephant Conservation
0.1 Methai (EEHV5A) (Houston Zoo) Houston Zoo
1.0 Tucker (EEHV5B) (Tusko (Sobik) x Tess) (Houston Zoo) Houston Zoo
0.1 Amithi (Nikolai x Farina) 12-24-2012 (Hannover Zoo) Pairi Daiza
1.0 Namsai (EEHV1b 2017) (Raja x Bua) 2013-07-27 (Kolmarden Zoo) Heidelberg Zoo
0.1 Tarli (EEHV1b 2017) (Raja x Damini) 2014-09-24 (Woburn Safari Park) Woburn Safari Park
0.1 Sanuk (Mekong x Thong Tai) 2016-10-16 (Artis Zoo) Artis Zoo
0.1 Achara (Rex x Asha) 2014-12-22 (Oklahoma City Zoo) Oklahoma City Zoo
0.1 Indali (Aung Bo x Sundara) 2016-12-17 (Chester Zoo) Chester Zoo
0.1 Joy (Thailand x Shanti) 2017-07-12 (Houston Zoo) Houston Zoo
0.1 Kairavi (Rex x Asha) 2018-10-09 (Oklahoma City Zoo) Oklahoma City Zoo
0.1 Navann (2017) (Hope (Yod Doi) x Sri Prae ) Elephant Nature Park

Infected but not officially cured

Individuals having low level viremias (DNA positive in blood) without clinical symptoms(asymptomatic) Also occasional periodic reactivated DNA-positive shedding in saliva/trunk wash (but not in blood) is also quite common and has no disease significance except as confirmation the individual elephant has latent infection (ie likely seropositive from a previous natural low level infection) = not counted as a survivor.

Afaik, Maliha, Jade, Baylor, and Tupelo were previously declared cured, but have all suffered relapses.

1.0 Samson (EEHV3B 2017) ( Willie x Lil Felix) Maryland Zoo
0.1 Maliha (Raja x Ellie) 2006-08-02 (Saint Louis Zoo) Saint Louis Zoo
0.1 Jade (Raja x Rani) 2007-02-25 (Saint Louis Zoo) Saint Louis Zoo
1.0 Baylor (EEHV4B) (Thai x Shanti) 2010-05-04 (Houston Zoo) Houston Zoo
0.1 Tupelo (Thai x Tess) 2010-10-03 (Houston Zoo) Houston Zoo
1.0 Plai Puhwin (2018) Thailand unspecified location
1.0 Plai Palo-Mae (2018) Thailand unspecified location
1.0 Iqhwa (wild bull x Tonga/Rambo) (Vienna Zoo) Vienna Zoo

157 Deceased elephants due to Herpes Virus.

Name	Species Sex	Origin	Age	Birth	Death date	Death reason	Parents	Arrival Death location
+ -Nong Kanya-	EM F	wild	1	2023-07-00	2024-11-05	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x	2023-11-09 Patara Elephant Farm
+ -Zinda-	EM F	captive-born	8	2016-09-19	2024-07-07	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Upali x Asha	2016-09-19 Dublin Zoo
+ -Sierra-	EM F	captive-born	3	2021	2024-06-22	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Golah Su x Lucky	2021-00-00 Elephant Freedom Village
+ -Sukdee-	EM unknown	unknown	?		2024-06-12	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x	Laos unspecified location
+ -Louis-	EM M	captive-born	4	2020-12-02	2024-05-18	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x Salia	2021-12-00 Elephant Special Tours
+ -Chi Pich-	EM F	captive-born	2	2022-03-25	2024-03-31	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x Gee Pael	2022-03-25 Elephant Valley Project Cambodia
+ -Tsuni-	LA F	captive-born	3	2021-07-18	2024-02-15	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Jack (Jackson) x Sukiri	2021-07-18 Fairhope Conservation Center
+ -Bua-	EM F	captive-born	2	2022-08-26	2024-02-00	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Kham Khoun x Ping	2022-08-26 Mekong Elephant Park
+ -Santosh-	EM M	captive-born	5	2018-12-24	2023-11-22	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Gajendra x Lai Sinh	2018-12-24 Carl Hagenbecks Tierpark (Stellingen)
+ -Tula?-	EM unknown	captive-born	6	2017-10-26	2023-11-00	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x Aura	2018-00-00 Tung La Kon elephant camp
+ -Man Jai-	EM M	captive-born	10	2013-12-08	2023-08-24	Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Bong Su x Dokkoon	2013-12-08 Melbourne Zoo
+ -Sayun-	EM M	captive-born	3	2020-12-18	2023-08-06	unknown Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Po Chin x Soraya	Pairi Daiza (Parc Paradisio)
+ -Petit Jack-	EM M	captive-born	2	2021-06-16	2023-07-18	Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Upali x Nina	2021-05-16 Dompierre Le Pal Zoo
+ -Luna-	EM	wild	3	2020-10-03	2023-07-13	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x Aom	2020-10-03 Samui Elephant Haven
+ -Fitz-	LA M	captive-born	4	2019-09-02	2023-05-30	unknown Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Jack (Jackson) x Mikki	2019-09-02 Louisville Zoo
+ -Ajabu-	LA M	captive-born	7	2016-05-14	2023-05-08	Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x Mlilo	2016-05-14 Dallas Zoo
+ -Chuchai-	EM M	captive-born	2	2021-02-22	2023-03-09?	unknown Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x Tammy	2021-02-22 Baan Mama
+ -Amalee-	EM F	captive-born	3	2020-03-27	2023-01-27	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Ankhor x Tamara	Prague Zoo (Zoo Praha)
+ -Damar-	EM M	captive-born	3	2020-07-03	2023-01-11	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Robin x Ngatini	2020-07-03 Buluh Cina ecopark
+ -Diamond-	EM M	captive-born	0	2022-01-18	2022-09-26	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Ning Nong x Busapa	2022-01-18 Na Jomtien Elephant Camp
+ -Bamboo-	EM M	captive-born	?		2022-08-28?	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Pu Eak x Kham Noi	Bamboo Elephant Family Care
+ -Sak-	EM M	captive-born	5	2017-05-17	2022-08-26	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Chieng Mai x Kungrao	2017-05-17 Copenhagen Zoo
+ -Ruwani-	EM F	captive-born	5	2017-02-25	2022-07-23	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Thai x Farha	2017-02-25 Zurich Zoo
+ -Omysha-	EM F	captive-born	8	2014-06-17	2022-07-11	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Maxi x Indi	2014-06-17 Zurich Zoo
+ -Umesh-	EM M	captive-born	2	2020-02-05	2022-06-29	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus.	Thai x Indi	2020-02-05 Zurich Zoo
+ -Beco-	EM M	captive-born	13	2009-03-27	2022-06-18	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Coco (Sultan) x Phoebe	2009-03-27 Columbus Zoo and Aquarium
+ -Raj-	EM M	captive-born	4	2018-05-05	2022-06-09	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Gajendra x Shila	2018-05-05 Carl Hagenbecks Tierpark (Stellingen)
+ -Jazmine-	EM F	captive-born	9	2013-10-02	2022-01-02	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Samson x Rozie (Rozana)	2013-10-02 Albuquerque Biological Park
+ -Thorn-	EM M	captive-born	3	2018-05-04	2021-12-25	pathological Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV)	Samson x Rozie (Rozana)	2018-05-04 Albuquerque Biological Park
+ -Prince-	EM M	captive-born	1	2020-03-17	2021-12-07	pathological herpes virus?	Tonsak x Bua	2020-03-17 Kolmarden Zoo
+ -Dumbo-	EM M	captive-born	2	2019-07-22	2021-12-00	unknown herpes??	Lembang x Doa	2019-07-22 Surabaya Zoo
+ -Arjun-	EM M	captive-born	2	2019-01-15	2021-08-07	unknown herpes virus?	Ajit x Mangala	2019-01-15 Kamlapur elephant camp
+ -Saee-	EM F	captive-born	3	2018-12-18	2021-08-03	unknown herpes virus??	Ajit x Rani	2018-12-18 Kamlapur elephant camp
+ -Kibali-	LA F	captive-born	2	2019-07-13	2021-07-09	pathological cardiac arrest from Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x Numbi	2019-07-13 Vienna Zoo
+ -Kottoor Arjunnan-	EM M	wild	5	2016?	2021-07-06?	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x	Kottoor elephant rehabilitation centre (ERC)
+ -Sreekutty-	EM F	unknown	2	2019-08-00	2021-06-28	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x	2019-11-09 Kottoor elephant rehabilitation centre (ERC)
+ -Kiran-	EM M	captive-born	1	2020-01-11	2021-06-18	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus EEHV1	Voi Nam x Rani	2020-01-11 Leipzig Zoo
+ -Hero-	EM M	unknown	?		2021-05	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x	Dhenkanal Kapilash animal Zoo and science park
+ -Thabo-	EM M	captive-born	4	2017-09-25	2021-04-28?	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Maurice x Kina	2017-09-25 Amersfoort Zoo
+ -Lucas-	LA M	captive-born	10	2011-06-03	2021-04-10?	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus EEHV2	Jack (Jackson) x Renee	2011-06-03 Toledo Zoo
+ -Batu-	EM M	captive-born	5	2015-05-12	2020-12-11	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus EEHV1A	Doc x Mali	2015-05-12 Syracuse Zoo (Rosamond Gifford Zoo)
+ -Chabakaew-	EM M	wild	?		2020-12-09	disease maybe Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus?	x	2019-08-00 Phu Wua Wildlife Sanctuary elephant camp
+ -Ajay-	EM M	captive-born	1	2019-01-15	2020-12-08	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus EEHV1A	Doc x Mali	2019-01-15 Syracuse Zoo (Rosamond Gifford Zoo)
+ -Sombhun-	EM M	captive-born	7	2013-03-31	2020-09-17	disease suspicion: Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x Geo I	2019-00-00 Baan Na Klang
+ -Yunha-	EM F	captive-born	3	2017-03-25	2020-04-07	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Maurice x Indra	2017-03-25 Amersfoort Zoo
+ -noname (wild)-	EM F	wild	?		2020-04-00	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x	2020-04-00 Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT)
+ -Samrat-	EM M	wild	24	1996?	2020-03-12	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x	1998-00-00 Bhagwan Birsa Biological Park
+ -noname (wild)-	EM F	wild	12	2007-00-00?	2019-09-30	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x	2007-00-00 Chandaka Dampada sanctuary
+ -Gouri-	EM F	wild	7	2012-00-00	2019-09-20	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x	2012-00-00 Nandankanan Zoo
+ -Kamala-	EM F	wild	6	2013-08-01	2019-09-19	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x	2013-11-22 Nandankanan Zoo
+ -Chandan-	EM M	unknown	10	2009-00-00	2019-09-15	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x	Nandankanan Zoo
+ -Julie-	EM F	unknown	12	2007?	2019-08-26	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus and acute abdominal colic	x	Nandankanan Zoo
+ -Jumbo-	EM M	captive-born	3	2016-00-00	2019-04-20	disease weak from an infection (herpes?)	x	2019-04-17 Krabi TECC elephant hospital
+ -Kalina-	LA F	captive-born	8	2011-07-20	2019-03-26	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus EEHV3A	Jack (Jackson) x Kubwa	2011-07-20 Indianapolis Zoo
+ -Nyah-	LA F	captive-born	7	2012-06-28	2019-03-19	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus EEHV3A	Jack (Jackson) x Ivory	2012-06-28 Indianapolis Zoo
+ -Miss Bets-	LA F	captive-born	12	2007-12-08	2019-02-09	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus EEHV3B	Willie x Amy	2015-05-00 Fresno Chaffee Zoological Gardens
+ -Raja-	EM F	wild	?		2018-11-30	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x	2018-05-14 Dhenkanal Kapilash animal Zoo and science park
+ -Lily-	EM F	captive-born	6	2012-11-30	2018-11-29	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)	Tusko x Rose-Tu (twin)	2012-11-30 Portland Zoo (Metro Washington Park Zoo)
+ -unknown (wild)-	EM unknown	wild	?		2018-11-27	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x	2018-11-24 Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT)
+ -Asha-	EM F	captive-born	5	2013-02-14	2018-11-24	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Assam x Angèle	2013-02-14 Budapest Zoo
+ -Nandita-	EM F	captive-born	3	2015-08-20	2018-10-25	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Aung Bo x Thi Ha Way	2015-08-20 Chester Zoo
+ -Aayu Hi Way-	EM M	captive-born	1	2017-01-18	2018-10-25	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Aung Bo x Sithami	2017-01-18 Chester Zoo
+ -Tukta-	EM F	captive-born	8	2010-11-02	2018-09-03	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Gung x Pak Boon	2010-11-02 Sydney Zoo
+ -Tarzen-	EM M	captive-born	0	2018-04-11	2018-06-26	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1a)	Chang x Khaing Phyo Phyo	2018-04-11 Planckendael Zoo
+ -Anjuli-	EM F	captive-born	3	2015-07-13	2018-06-13	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1a)	Gajendra x Yashoda	2015-07-13 Carl Hagenbecks Tierpark (Stellingen)
+ -Kanja-	EM M	captive-born	2	2016-01-11	2018-06-06	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1a)	Gajendra x Kandy	2016-01-11 Carl Hagenbecks Tierpark (Stellingen)
+ -Qiyo-	EM F	captive-born	3	2015-06-16	2018-05-27	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1a)	Chang x Khaing Phyo Phyo	2015-06-16 Planckendael Zoo
+ -Gendu-	EM F	captive-born	3	2015?	2018-05-08	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus?	Boy x Girl	2015-00-00 Lok Kawi Wildlife Park (Sabah Zoo)
+ -Namtan-	EM F	unknown	?		2018-04-07	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x	2018-04-07 Krabi TECC elephant hospital
+ -Kenzi-	EM F	captive-born	7	2011-06-24	2018-02-24	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)	Raja x Rani	2011-06-24 St Louis Zoo
+ -Zuki-	EM M	captive-born	4	2014-03-03	2018-01-29	unknown suspicion: Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus?	x Bua Jan (Bua Jaan)	Journey to Freedom project (Sangduen Chailert)
+ -Chang Jiew (Dante)-	EM M	captive-born	7	2010-02-15	2017-04-22	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Jok x Kamnoi	2010-02-00 FAE Elephant Hospital
+ -Rubi-	EM F	captive-born	2	2015-03-04	2017-01-22	herpes virus?	x	2015-03-04 Okinawa Zoo
+ -Ammu-	EM F	wild	1	2015	2016-12-00	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x	2015-12-00 Konni Elephant Kraal Reserve
+ -Pepi-	EM F	wild	9	2007	2016-10-15	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x	2007-00-00 Way Kambas Elephant Training Center (PLG)
+ -Lakshmi-	EM F	wild	?	~2010	2016-07-21	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)	x	2012-00-00 Konni Elephant Kraal Reserve
+ -Buba-	EM M	captive-born	3	2013-03-02	2016-03-02	disease Probably Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Ganapati (Ganapathy) x Sami	2015-09-00 Estepona Selwo safari park
+ -Sumitra (OST Nr.3)-	EM F	captive-born	2	2014-02-04	2016-01-23	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus?	Calvin (Chanda) x Vishesh	2014-02-04 Ostrava Zoo
+ -Nate-	EM M	captive-born	4	2012-12-15	2016	disease EEHV - Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus EEHV1A	Romeo x Sally	2012-12-15 Ringling Brothers Barnum and Bailey Center for Elephant Conservation
+ -Mumba-	EM F	captive-born	4	2011-06-18	2015-12-08	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus?	Nikolai x Thong Tai	2011-06-18 Amsterdam Artis Zoo
+ -Jade-	EM F	captive-born	7	2008-05-04	2015-11-30	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Chang x Nina	2008-05-04 Dompierre Le Pal Zoo
+ -Hari Hi Way-	EM M	captive-born	3	2012-11-25	2015-10-27	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Upali x Sundara Hi Way	2012-11-25 Chester Zoo
+ -Malee-	EM F	captive-born	4	2011-04-15	2015-10-01	unknown Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus? (EEHV1A)	Sneezy x Asha	2011-04-15 Oklahoma City Zoo
+ -Bala Hi Way-	EM F	captive-born	2	2013-01-21	2015-09-14	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Upali x Sithami	2013-01-21 Chester Zoo
+ -Hem Gaj-	EM M	captive-born	3	2012-08-00	2015-08-10	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x Man Kali	2012-08-00 NTNC-Biodiversity Conservation Center
+ -Max-	EM M	captive-born	2	2013-10-13	2015-06-05	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Emmett (Tundi) x Karishma	2013-10-13 Whipsnade Wild Animal Park
+ -Daizy-	EM F	captive-born	6	2009-09-02	2015-05-09	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)	Albert x Rozie (Rozana)	2009-09-02 Albuquerque Biological Park
+ -Mike-	EM M	captive-born	2	2013-06-27	2015-01-25	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)	Romeo x Angelica	2013-06-27 Ringling Brothers Barnum and Bailey Center for Elephant Conservation
+ -unknown-	EM unknown	captive-born	?		2015	disease EEHV - Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x Sari	Tangkahan Conservation Response Unit (CRU)
+ -Khao Sok-	EM M	captive-born	1	2013-02-25	2014-11-24	euthanised Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Chieng Mai x Kungrao	2013-02-25 Copenhagen Zoo
+ -noname (wild)-	EM M	wild	2	2012	2014-09-00	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x	Begur forest (Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary)
+ -Ganesh-	EM M	captive-born	1	2013-02-14	2014-05-00	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x Sushila	2013-02-14 Botezari elephant camp
+ -Naka-	EM M	captive-born	1	2013-01-00	2014-03-12	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x Kampan	2013-01-04 FAE Elephant Hospital
+ -Nayan Hi Way-	EM M	captive-born	3	2010-07-18	2013-07-29	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus??	Upali x Sithami	2010-07-18 Chester Zoo
+ -Arwen-	EM F	captive-born	1	2012-05-29	2013-06-25?	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus?	Ant Bwe Lay x Homaline	2012-05-29 Pont-Scorff Zoo
+ -Jamilah Hi Way-	EM F	captive-born	2	2011-01-22	2013-06-03?	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Upali x Thi Ha Way	2011-01-22 Chester Zoo
+ -unknown-	EM unknown	captive-born	?		2013	disease EEHV - Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x Sari	Tangkahan Conservation Response Unit (CRU)
+ -Nila Utama-	EM M	captive-born	3	2010-11-23	2013	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Chawang (Lasah) x Sri Nandong	2010-11-23 Singapore Night Safari
+ -Anar Kali-	EM F	captive-born	1	2011-05-09	2012-11-00	disease EEHV - Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x Aiswary Mala	2011-05-09 Sauraha elephant breeding centre
+ -Mohini-	EM F		?		2012-10-17	disease EEHV - Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x	2012-00-00 Bhopal operation Durga
+ -stillborn-	EM F	captive-born	0	2012-03-25	2012-03-25	stillborn EEHV, Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus?	Raja x Tara	2012-03-25 Twycross Zoo
+ -Gauri-	EM	captive-born	4	2008-12-00	2012-01-00	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus?	x Sushila	2008-12-00 Botezari elephant camp
+ -Ko Raya-	EM F	captive-born	2	2009-03-15	2011-05-27	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus EEHV1A	Victor x Pang Pha	2009-03-15 Berlin Zoo
+ -Ganesh Vijay-	EM M	captive-born	2	2009-08-06	2011-04-13?	euthanised EEHV - Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV5A)	Emmett (Tundi) x Noor Jahan	2009-08-06 Twycross Zoo
+ -Shaina Pali-	EM F	captive-born	6	2005-06-15	2011-04-05	EEHV - Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus EEHV1A	Victor x Pang Pha	2005-06-15 Berlin Zoo
+ -Tong Tae (Tong Teh)-	EM M	captive-born	3	2008-05-13	2011-04-01	disease ev. herpes?	x Mae Tong Dee	Wanchai Manapermpian
+ -Mahagiri-	EM F		?		2011-02-00	disease viral haemorrhagic fever (EEHV - Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus?)	x	Bandhavgarh elephant camp
+ -Bhadra-	EM M	captive-born	?		2011	disease EEHV - Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x unknown	Sauraha unspecified location
+ -JP-	EM M	captive-born	4	2006-12-12	2010-06-22	disease EEHV - Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)	Tusko x Rosie	2006-12-12 Have Trunk Will Travel (Gary and Kari Johnson)
+ -Baby Zeno-	EM F	captive-born	2	2008-09-24	2010	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus?	x Kamprai	2008-09-24 FAE Elephant Hospital
+ -Chellam-	EM F	wild	4	2005	2009-11-20	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus? (EEHV1A)	x	2005-09-13 Madras Vandalur Zoo
+ -Raman-	EM M	captive-born	3	2006-11-12	2009-07-23	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)	Upali x Thi Ha Way	2006-11-12 Chester Zoo
+ -Leelee (Bets)-	EM F	captive-born	2	2007-01-19	2009-05-17	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)	Emmett (Tundi) x Kaylee	2007-01-19 Whipsnade Wild Animal Park
+ -Donaldson (Riddle)-	EM M	captive-born	1	2008-01-17	2009-05-03	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)	Emmett (Tundi) x Azizah (Lay,Layang Layang)	2008-01-17 Whipsnade Wild Animal Park
+ -Mac-	EM M	captive-born	2	2006-10-01	2008-11-09	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)	Thai (Thailand) x Shanti	2006-10-01 Houston Zoo
+ -Malti-	EM F	captive-born	1	2007-08-09	2008-11-01	disease acute heart failure because of Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)	Spike (Ganesha) x Maharani (Rani)	2007-08-09 Calgary Zoo
+ -Aswathy-	EM F	captive-born	0	2007	2007-12-28	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)	x	2007-00-00 Kodanadu Elephant training centre
+ -Niranjan-	EM M	unknown	1	2006-00-00	2007-12-26	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)	x	2006-00-00 Kodanadu Elephant training centre
+ -Nisha-	EM F	captive-born	1	2006-07-18	2007-12-01	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)	Sabu x Moola	2006-07-18 Dickerson Park Zoo
+ -Hansa-	EM F	captive-born	7	2000-11-03	2007-06-08	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV3A)	Onyx (Big Mac) x Chai	2000-11-03 Seattle Zoo (Woodland Park Zoo)
+ -Aneena-	EM F	captive-born	2	2004-03-16	2006-12-17	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1B)	Emmett (Tundi) x Kaylee	2004-03-16 Whipsnade Wild Animal Park
+ -Logan-	EM M	captive-born	0	2006-04-13	2006-04-13	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)	Rex (Bimbo, Barney) x Lilly (Israela)	2006-04-13 African Lion Safari (Ontario)
+ -Plai Lomsak-	EM M	captive-born	?		2006-01-13	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x Pang Lampang	2005-00-00 Sublanka Wildlife Sanctuary
+ -Ganesh-	EM M	captive-born	7	1998-03-15	2005-08-16	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)	Sabu x Jati-Hit	2003-04-18 Columbus Zoo and Aquarium
+ -Sitang-	EM M	captive-born	3	2002-06-30	2005-08-15	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Luka x Khaing Phyo Phyo	Port Lympne Zoo
+ -stillborn-	EM M	captive-born	0	2005-05-28	2005-05-28	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Luka x Yu Yu Yin	2005-05-28 Port Lympne Zoo
+ -Kimba-	EM F	captive-born	13	1991-07-17	2004-09-05	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)	Thai (Thailand) x Methai (Me Thai)	1991-07-17 Houston Zoo
+ -Seima-	EM	wild	3	2001	2004-05-06	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x	2002-00-00 Phnom Tamao Zoo and Wildlife Rescue Center (PTWRC)
+ -Baby Jennie-	EM F	captive-born	6	1998-09-06	2004-04-12	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV4A)	Buke x Isa	Endangered Ark Foundation
+ -Aishu-	EM M	captive-born	3	2000-06-10	2003-10-15	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Maxi x Ceyla (Ceyla-Himali)	2000-06-10 Zurich Zoo
+ -Punjab-	EM M	captive-born	2	2001-12-02	2003-10-06	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Chieng Mai x Ida	2001-12-02 Copenhagen Zoo
+ -Preya-	EM F	captive-born	3	2000-02-10	2003-04-12	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)	Indy (Butch) x Romani	2000-02-10 Syracuse Zoo (Rosamond Gifford Zoo)
+ -Senang-	EM M	captive-born	0	2002-01-20	2002-12-20	disease intestinal problems and Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Alexander x Bernhardine (Bernhardini)	2002-01-20 Rotterdam Zoo
+ -Kathy Sh-Boom-	EM F	wild	42	1960-11-25	2002-11-21	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)	x	1965-08-05 Niabi Zoo
+ -Haji-	EM M	captive-born	3	1999-11-28	2002-06-07	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1B)	Onyx (Big Mac) x Moola	1999-11-28 Dickerson Park Zoo
+ -Kiri-	EM M	captive-born	0	2000-04-05	2000-12-28	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)	Kiba x Pang Pha	2000-04-05 Berlin Zoo
+ -Kala-	EM M	captive-born	2	1998-05-17	2000-11-29	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)	Onyx (Big Mac) x Patience	2000-05-10 Six Flags Discovery Kingdom (Six Flags Marine World)
+ -Singgah-	EM F	captive-born	7	1993-12-29	2000-01-01	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)	Thai (Thailand) x Methai (Me Thai)	1993-12-29 Houston Zoo
+ -Xian-	EM M	captive-born	2	1997-09-08	1999-11-20	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)	Maxi x Ceyla (Ceyla-Himali)	1997-09-08 Zurich Zoo
+ -Willi-	EM M	captive-born	0	1999-01-11	1999-01-12	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Alexander x Bernhardine (Bernhardini)	1999-01-11 Munster Zoo
+ -Citta (Zita)-	EM F	wild	26	1972	1998-11-15	disease herpes virus?	x	1992-04-29 Krefeld Zoo
+ -Kiba-	EM M	captive-born	11	1987-12-31	1998-08-30	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1B)	Thai (Thailand) x Methai (Me Thai)	1997-11-20 Berlin Zoo
+ -Indira-	EM F	captive-born	3	1995-03-01	1998-07-13	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Ramon x Irma	1995-03-01 Rotterdam Zoo
+ -Kijana-	LA M	captive-born	1	1995-11-03	1996-10-07	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV2)	Smokey x Lisa	1995-11-03 Oakland Zoo (Knowland Park)
+ -Kumari-	EM F	captive-born	2	1993-12-14	1995-04-26	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)	Indy (Butch) x Shanthi	1993-12-14 Smithsonian National Zoological Park
+ -Maverick-	EM M	captive-born	7	1986-10-05	1993-11-26	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Sneezy x Tooma	1986-10-05 Tulsa Zoo
+ -Maiya (Kate)-	EM F	captive-born	2	1991-07-26	1993-02-28	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Onyx (Big Mac) x Connie (Pinky)	1991-07-26 Dickerson Park Zoo
+ -Pearl-	EM F	captive-born	3	1988-12-07	1991-09-02	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)	Thai (Thailand) x Indu	1991-04-25 Lincoln Park Zoo
+ -Bopper (Beau Thai)-	EM M	captive-born	4	1984-02-01	1988-08-26	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Thai (Thailand) x Methai (Me Thai)	1988-04-24 African Lion Safari (Ontario)
+ -Lohimi-	EM F	captive-born	3	1985-05-24	1988-07-21	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus (EEHV1A)	Maxi x Claudy (Claudia)	Circus Knie
+ -Susie (Malinda)-	LA F	wild	16	1971-00-00	1987-00-00	disease cholangiolithiasis and herpes virus?	x	1982-00-00 Heidelberg Zoo
+ -Shoney-	EM M	captive-born	2	1981-10-22	1983-05-01	disease herpes virus?	Buke x Whimpy	1981-10-22 Bucky Steele
+ -Astor-	EM M	captive-born	2	1981-08-20	1983-01-26	disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	Groucho x Patti	1981-08-20 Bronx Zoo
+ -Orje-	EM M	captive-born	2	1936-04-08	1938-09-12	disease Infection, possibly herpes virus	Omar x Aida	1936-04-08 Berlin Zoo
+ -Gigi-	EM F	captive-born	-2015	2015-02-24		disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	George x Emily	2015-02-24 African Lion Safari (Ontario)
+ -Nandini-	EM F	captive-born	-2016	2016-04-12		disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus?	x Sushila	2016-04-12 Botezari elephant camp
+ -Unnamed-	EM M	captive-born	-2008	2008-05-11		disease Elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus	x Shamsher Kali	2008-05-11 Sauraha elephant breeding centre

Reference list Koehl, Dan, (2024). EEHV. Elephant Encyclopedia, available online retrieved 20 September 2021 at https://www.elephant.se/index.php?id=235. (archived at the Wayback machine)

Sources used for this article is among others:

1. Comparison of the Gene Coding Contents and Other Unusual Features of the GC-Rich and AT-Rich Branch Probosciviruses at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27340696/
2. 3. EEHV update from Europe 2017-2018. (July 2018), at https://eehvinfo.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/2018-EEHV-update-from-Europe-Willem.pdf
Gary S. Hayward, Ph D. Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus 1, 4 and 5 in China: Occurrence in Multiple Sample Types and Implications for Wild and Captive Population Surveillance, https://www.mdpi.com/1502802
Arun Zachariah, Jian-Chao Zong, Simon Y. Long, Erin M. Latimer, Sarah Y. Heaggans, Laura K. Richman, and Gary S. Hayward, FATAL HERPESVIRUS HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE IN WILD ANDORPHAN ASIAN ELEPHANTS IN SOUTHERN INDIA, https://www.academia.edu/19799701/EEHV_india?email_work_card=view-paper
https://www.aza.org/connect-stories/stories/maryland-zoo-elephant-survives-deadly-elephant-endotheliotropic-herpesvirus

Selected publications

Links about EEHV

Selected external links for this article about EEHV:

A novel antigen capture ELISA for the specific detection of IgG antibodies to elephant endotheliotropic herpes virus, online at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4535388/
European EEHV Reccommodations, http://elephantcare.org/wp-content/uploads/European-EEHV-Recommendations.pdf
Houston Zoo Asian Elephant EEHV Protocol 2020, at http://elephantcare.org/wp-content/uploads/Houston-Zoo-EEHV-Protocol-2020.pdf
Oklahoma City Zoo Asian Elephants EEHV Protocol 2012, at http://elephantcare.org/wp-content/uploads/Oklahoma-Zoo-EEHV-Protocol-2012-opt.pdf
United Kingdom EEHV Protocol by Jonathan Cracknell, http://elephantcare.org/wp-content/uploads/United-Kingdom-EEHV-Protocol-opt.pdf
EEHV Guidelines Asia 2017, http://elephantcare.org/wp-content/uploads/EEHV-Guidelines-Asia-2017.pdf
EEHV Monitoring and Diagnostic Testing of “At Risk” Juvenile Asian Elephants (EEHV Advisory Group), http://elephantcare.org/wp-content/uploads/EEHV-Juvenile-Asian-Elephants.pdf
Standards of Care for Elephant Calves for EEHV-Preparedness (EEHV Advisory Group), http://elephantcare.org/wp-content/uploads/EEHV-Standards-of-Care-for-Elephant-Calves-2016.pdf
EEHV Monitoring and Diagnostic Testing of “At Risk” Juvenile African Elephants (EEHV Advisory Group), http://elephantcare.org/wp-content/uploads/EEHV-Juvenile-African-Elephants-final.pdf
EEHV Research and Tissue Request Protocol final (EEHV Advisory Group), http://elephantcare.org/wp-content/uploads/EEHV-Research-and-Tissue-Request-Protocol-Supplement-2019.pdf
Request Form for EEHV Testing with instructions for sample submission 2016, http://elephantcare.org/wp-content/uploads/EEHV-Request-For-Testing-with-Instructions-for-Sample-Submission.pdf
EEHV Publications 1 Nov 2020, http://elephantcare.org/wp-content/uploads/EEHV-Publications-1-Nov-2020.pdf
Sahoo N, Sahu SK, Das AK, Mohapatra D, Panda SK, Gupta SK, Behera BK, Pahari A, Dash M. ELEPHANT ENDOTHELIOTROPIC HERPESVIRUS HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE OUTBREAK IN AN INDIAN ZOO. J Zoo Wildl Med. 2021 Dec;52(4):1286-1297. doi: 10.1638/2020-0156. PMID: 34998302. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34998302/
Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus 1, 4 and 5 in China: Occurrence in Multiple Sample Types and Implications for Wild and Captive Population Surveillance, https://www.mdpi.com/1502802
Arun Zachariah, Jian-Chao Zong, Simon Y. Long, Erin M. Latimer, Sarah Y. Heaggans, Laura K. Richman, and Gary S. Hayward, FATAL HERPESVIRUS HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE IN WILD ANDORPHAN ASIAN ELEPHANTS IN SOUTHERN INDIA, https://www.academia.edu/19799701/EEHV_india?email_work_card=view-paper
Pursell T, Spencer Clinton JL, Tan J, Peng R, Ling PD (2022), Modified vaccinia Ankara expressing EEHV1A glycoprotein B elicits humoral and cell-mediated immune response, https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0265424

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Categories glossary | disease

About this documentThis document was created: 2021-12-25. Latest update: 2023-11-22 06:34:48 included 21689 characters with valid HTML5

Definition of EEHV(Scientific name: Proboscivirus)