Pinnawala elephant orphanage in Sri Lanka

Pinnawala elephant orphanage

Typeorphanage
Owner1975-1978 : Department of Wildlife
1984-2020: National Zoological Gardens
2020: Sri Lanka Ministry of Tourism
Size24 acres
Founded1975
First elephant arrived1975
Number of animals65
AddressRambukkana Road
PlaceKegalle
DistrictKegalle District
ProvinceSabaragamuwa Province
CountrySri Lanka
FacebookPinnawalaElephantOrphanage/
Directors1978-? Lyn de Alwis
H.A.N.T. Perera
Duminda Jayaratne
Renuka Bandaranayaka
Bashwara Senanka Gunarathne
VeterinariansDr. Chandana Rajapaksa
Head keepers
of elephants		1984-2008: K.G. Sumanabanda
Google map
Relevant literature

Description

Pinnawala elephant orphanage, located at Rambukkana Road, in Kegalle, in Sri Lanka, was founded in 1975 and the first elephant arrived in 1975.

At Pinnawala elephant orphanage lives 70 elephants with records in this database: (detail list)

  1. ♀ Surangie (Suranganee)
    2. ,
  2. ♂ Kandula III (Bibile)
    3. ,
  3. ♀ Thammenna
    4. ,
  4. ♀ Punchi
    5. ,
  5. ♀ Noni
    6. ,
  6. ⚪ unknown
    7. ,
  7. ⚪ Thilamalai
    8. ,
  8. ♀ Menika II
    9. ,
  9. ♀ Meena
    10. ,
  10. ♀ Shanthi
    11. ,
  11. ♀ Ramiya
    12. ,
  12. ♀ Sandalee (Sandali)
    13. ,
  13. ♂ Kora Aliya
    14. ,
  14. ♀ Shermi
    15. ,
  15. ♂ Suranimala
    16. ,
  16. ♀ Thilaka
    17. ,
  17. ♂ Meega
    18. ,
  18. ♀ Kiriya III (Kira)
    19. ,
  19. ⚪ Diula
    20. ,
  20. ♀ Sama
    21. ,
  21. ♂ Jayathu
    22. ,
  22. ♀ Kamani
    23. ,
  23. ♂ Haritha
    24. ,
  24. ♀ Randivi
    25. ,
  25. ♀ Nikini II
    26. ,
  26. ♀ Anusha born 1949
    27. ,
  27. ♂ Sampath (Sumpath) born 1952
    28. ,
  28. ♂ Neela born 1964
    29. ,
  29. ♀ Kumari born 1965
    30. ,
  30. ♂ Jadura born 1966?
    31. ,
  31. ♀ Mathali (Mathalee) born 1970
    32. ,
  32. ♀ Komali (Komalee) born 1971
    33. ,
  33. ♀ Mahaweli (Mahavali) born 1981
    34. ,
  34. ♀ Rejina (Rajina) born 1982
    35. ,
  35. ♀ Mayuri born 1983
    36. ,
  36. ♀ Sukumali born 1984-07-05
    37. ,
  37. ♀ Ninja born 1985
    38. ,
  38. ♀ Sama I born 1987-12-18
    39. ,
  39. ♀ Menika born 1989-08-14
    40. ,
  40. ♂ Rangiri born 1989-08-16
    41. ,
  41. ♀ Anuradhika born 1993-11-15
    42. ,
  42. ♀ Amali born 1994-04-16
    43. ,
  43. ♂ Nandimithra born 1995-09-27
    44. ,
  44. ♀ Sapumali born 1997
    45. ,
  45. ♀ Ashokamala born 1998-08-07
    46. ,
  46. ♂ Wasamba born 1999-02-09
    47. ,
  47. ♀ Uthpala born 1999-08-06
    48. ,
  48. ♂ Buwaneka born 1999-12-07
    49. ,
  49. ♀ Pali born 2003
    50. ,
  50. ♂ Mahasen born 2004-11-26
    51. ,
  51. ♀ Mihiri born 2005
    52. ,
  52. ♂ Pandu born 2005-08-00
    53. ,
  53. ♂ Charaka born 2006-00-00
    54. ,
  54. ♀ Bharathi born 2007
    55. ,
  55. ♂ Asela born 2007?
    56. ,
  56. ♂ Udara born 2009-04-04
    57. ,
  57. ♀ Dinuda born 2009-05-24
    58. ,
  58. ♂ Kanaka born 2009-05-24
    59. ,
  59. ⚪ unknown born 2010
    60. ,
  60. ♀ Nandi born 2011
    61. ,
  61. ♂ Kadol born 2011
    62. ,
  62. ⚪ unknown born 2011
    63. ,
  63. ⚪ unknown born 2011
    64. ,
  64. ⚪ unknown born 2011
    65. ,
  65. ⚪ unknown born 2011
    66. ,
  66. ⚪ unknown born 2011
    67. ,
  67. ⚪ unknown born 2011
    68. ,
  68. ♂ Isira born 2011
    69. ,
  69. ⚪ Unnamed born 2011-02-17
    70. ,
  70. ♂ Unnamed born 2011-07-16
    71. ,


Comments / pictures

Pinnawela orphanage is situated in Rambukkana, northwest of the town Kegalla, halfways between the present capitol Colombo and the ancient royal residence Kandy in the hills of central Sri Lanka. It was established 1975 by the Sri Lanka Wildlife department. This 24 acres large elephant orphanage is a also breeding pace for elephants, the first elephant baby was born in 1984, and until the nineties it had the greatest herd of elephants in captivity in the world. Between 1975 and 2012, 67 animals were born here.

History


The Pinnawela Elephant Orphanage was started in 1975 by the Department of Wildlife on a twenty five acre coconut property on the Maha Oya river at Rambukkana. The orphanage was primarily designed to afford care and protection to the many baby elephants found in the jungle without their mothers. In most of these cases the mother had either died or been killed. In some instances the baby had fallen into a pit and in others the mother had fallen in and died. Initially this orphanage was at the Wilpattu National Park, then shifted to the tourist complex at Bentota and then to the Dehiwala Zoo.

From the Dehiwala Zoo it was shifted 1975 to Pinnawela. At the time it was shifted the orphanage had five baby elephants which formed its nucleus.It was hoped that this facility would attract both local and foreign visitors, the income from which would help to maintain the orphanage.

There are only a few elephant orphanages in the world. Pinnawela has now become one of the bigger orphanages and is quite well known world wide.

In 1978 the Pinnawela Elephant Orphanage was taken over by the National Zoological Gardens from the Department of Wildlife and a captive breeding program launched in 1982.



(Photo from the book les animaux sauvages ; l'éléphant) The Pinnawela herd and chief mahout K.G. Sumanabanda, 2011, in 1981. Not one single hotel, and only palm trees along the river. The elephants on the picture are 13; Vijaya, Neela, Hema, Mathalee, Randivi, Mahaweli, Kumari, Diula, Anuscha, Kadira, Komali, Weera (later Kandula I at the army camp), and Jadura.

When the zoo took over there were twelve animals five of whom were babies. In time more baby elephants were added to the original herd of five. It was observed that though older females could be added it was not possible to add older males to the herd.

1997 there were 52 animals of which there 10 were babies under 3 years of age. There were five mahouts for the twelve elephants when the orphanage was taken over 1978 and later there were twenty mahouts.



Stables close to the road and the office: 1. Milkshed, where visitors can milk feed elephant babies. 2 (roofed) and 3 ar round chaining grounds. 4. stable for the blind elephant Raja. 5, 6 and 7 are stables for mixed groups. 8. for adult dangerous bulls. north of the trail leading to 6 are chaining points for bulls in musth.

The difference between the elephant orphanage in Pinnawala and Ath Athuru Sevena Transit Home at Uda Walawe is that at the Transit Home these baby elephants once cared for are released to the wilds when they reach a certain age.

  • 1975: 5 baby elephants

  • 1978: 12 elephants, of those 5 babies.

  • 1997: 56 elephants

  • 1998: 63 elephants.

  • 2000: 70 elephants.

  • 2003: 65 elephants.

  • 2010: 84 elephants.

  • In 2011, there were 96 elephants, including 43 males and 68 females from 3 generations, living in Pinnawala.



Daily activities


At Pinnawela an attempt was made to simulate, in a limited way, the conditions in the wild.
Animals are allowed to roam freely during the day and a herd structure allowed to form.




08.00 The babies are fed on milk in the mornings and allowed to range freely on the 12 acres large grassland.





10.00 Each morning 10.00 and afternoon 14.00 the animals are walked 400 meters to the river Maha Oya for a two-hour bath. Photo © Guillaume Rebis




Beteween 16.30 and 1800 in the evening the animals are taken to their stalls and tethered for the night.

They are then given their evening feed which is milk again for the babies and leaves for the older ones. Plenty of food and water is available.

The leaves are mainy Cocunut leaves (Cocos nucifera), but also branches from Jackfruit
(Artocarpus integra), leaves, branches and logs of Kitul palm tree (Caryoty urens),
from There is no stress or threat to the animals.


The elephants are stall fed. There is very little food material that they can gather from the premises of the orphanage except grass. Large quantities of food are brought in daily. Jackfruit, coconut, kitul, tamarind and grass form the bulk of the food given to the elephants at Pinnawela.

Each animal gets approximately 75 kg of green matter a day and in addition each gets 2kg of a food mixture containing maize, rice bran, powdered gingelly seed and minerals. They have access to water twice a day from the river Maha Oya that runs by the Orphanage.

There is one female named Sama which was brought in from the northern part of the country, where there is an ethnic conflict, with the lower part off ts front foot blown off by a land mine. This animal is growing up and is coping with that leg about six inches shorter than the other.

Breeding history


The conditions at Pinnawela are conducive to breeding.
Initially the breeding animals consisted of males Vijaya and Neela and females Kumari, Anusha, Mathalie and Komali. Upto the middle of 1998 there have been fourteen births, eight males and six females at Pinnawela, with one(1) second generation birth early 1998.

The father of the first three calves born at Pinnawela was Vijaya. It was not possible to determine the father of the next calves since many males used to mate with the females in oestrus. Now through DNA fingerprinting the fathers of three have definitely been identified.
Vijaya and Kumari have produced three calves at intervals of five and four years.

The first birth at Pinnawela was in 1984, a female, to Vijaya and Kumari who were aged 21 and 20 years respectively at the time of the birth. In 1993 Vijaya and Kumari were 30 and 29 years respectively.

There are other records of the birth of elephants in captivity in Sri Lanka but most of these are off females that had been captured after they had conceived in the wild. There are also records of tamed elephants having mated with other tamed elephants and giving birth. These are however few and far between.

The other elephant deaths in recent times are as follows with the relevant date and cause of death: Vijaya - September 11, 1999, brain cancer, Honda Kota - February 20, 1999, severe injuries to the trunk and body at the time it was handed over by the Wildlife Department, Binari - January 3, 2003, head injury and paralysis, baby elephant born to Lasanda - March 20, 2004 dashed on the ground by the mother and baby elephant of Nikini - April 22, 2004, born dead.

In 2012, 15 babies were named: Singithi, Ahinsa, Themiya, Wanamali, Nandi, Mangala, Annuththara, Jeevaka, Kadol, Isira, Bimuthi, Aithi, Gagana and foreign favourites Trinky and Elvina. Of those, thirteen babies were born 2011 and the other two in 2010.

Research:


In 1997 and 1998 research was conducted in Pinnawela through a joint venture by Institute of Wildbiology at Vienna University in Austria and the Zoological Institutes of Colombo and Peradeniya in Sri Lanka, under the supervision of Dr. Fred Kurt. Veterinary students from the Universities collected datas about body messurements and growth, food assimilation, social interactions, sleeping behaviour, tool-using, and sterotypical behaviours, later publicated in different scientific medias.

Organisation:


    1984


    S.S.M. SEELARATNE
    (Asst. Curator)
    Elephant Orphanage
    Pinnawala
    Rambukkana
    Sri Lanka

    Mahout´s Names

      K.G. Sumanabanda, Senior Security Officer, (fourth generation mahout, started in Pinnawela in 1984.)
      S.D. Jayaratna
      H.A. Somaratna
      R.W.A. Gunaratne
      I.S. Mitreepala



Information provided by Jayantha Jayewardene, Biodiversity and Elephant Conservation Trust, 615/32 Rajagiriya Gardens, Nawala Road, Rajagiriya, Sri Lanka, Dr. Fred Kurt, Institute of Wildbiology at Vienna Veterinary University, and Wayne Jackson, Canada.

Here in Pinnawela is also the three-legged elephant Sama, who by two years of age stepped on a landmine which blew her right frotfoot away. Since then she is walking on three legs. She is now twelve and will suffer from considerable discomfort in the future due to changes in her spina, because of her annatral body position, trying to balance the body weight on three legs.

There is ambitions to train her for a specially made Prostestis, see http://www.luckysama.de for more information.


References for records about Pinnawala elephant orphanage

Recommended Citation

Koehl, Dan (2020). Pinnawala elephant orphanage, Elephant Encyclopedia. Available online at https://www.elephant.se/location2.php?location_id=43. (archived at the Wayback machine)

Sources used for this article is among others:


Pinnawala elephant orphanage on elephant-news.com

Pinnawala elephant orphanage is mentioned on Elephant News:

DateNameLinks which opens in new window
2020-09-07Responding to decision to move dep. of zoological gardens under ministry of tourism - Elephant News
2015-04-20Lanka’s first open air zoo will open today - Elephant News
2015-04-11Anjalee the elephant: auckland zookeeper has spent 6 months to get her here - Elephant News
2015-04-09Update: attempt to seize oruwala elephants engaged in polo results in jumbo encounter - Elephant News
2015-03-13Auckland-bound elephant anjalee is on her way - Elephant News
2013-04-10Oil anointing for 100 elephants - Elephant News
2020-09-26Pinnawala elephant orphanage runs risk of being blacklisted: minister - Elephant News


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This document was updated: 2020-11-16 08:31:21


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